Effects of direct drilling on Fusarium DNA levels

We have found a highly significant correlation between Fusarium graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol (DON) levels in Finnish oats, barle and spring wheat. Fusarium poae DNA levels were higher in plots with tillage (including ploughing) as compared to those without tillage (direct drilling) in 2005 and 2006 in both oats and barley; the difference was greater a few weeks before harvesting than during it

Clover rot (Sclerotinia trifolium) and Fusarium fungi in organic red clover in Finland

Sclerotinia trifolium is economically one of the most important pathogens of red clover in Europe and North America, while many Fusarium species can cause root rot in red clover in certain environmental conditions. During the years 2003-2004 S. trifolium was found only in the Northern and Eastern part of Finland, although in 1960's it was common everywhere in Finland

Fumonisins in African Countries

Maize and other cereals are the commodities most contaminated with fumonisins. The maize acreage is increasing in Africa, and the maize harvest provides important foods for humans and feeds for domestic animals throughout the continent. In North Africa, high levels of fumonisins have been reported from Algeria and Morocco, while low levels have been detected in the rather few fumonisin analyses reported from Tunisia and Egypt. The West African countries Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria all report high levels of fumonisin contamination of maize, while the few maize samples analysed in Togo contain low levels. In Eastern Africa, high levels of fumonisin contamination have been reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The samples analysed from Rwanda contained low levels of fumonisins. Analysis of maize from the Southern African countries Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe revealed high fumonisin levels, while low levels of fumonisins were detected in the few analyses of maize from Botswana and Mozambique.Fumonisins in African CountriespublishedVersio

Problems in cereal resistance to toxigenic Fusarium species

In future the current molecular methods will be improved, validated and automated, making it possible to use them in the routine identification, detection and quantification of Fusarium species for e.g. resistance studies. Molecular analyses require expensive equipment, but they allow quicker and more reliable identification with fewer people than traditional morphological identification. Internal standards should also be used in future to discriminate between uninfected samples and possible PCR inhibition (Waalwijk et al., 2004). The computer analysis of molecular data is also expected to improve and the total amount of sequence data in the databases will increase. The whole genome of F. graminearum, for instance, has already been sequenced (Guldener et al. 2006; Cuomo et al., 2007). The sequenced genome of Brachypodium The International Brachypodium Intitiative, 2010) will also help researchers in investigating the resistance in the subfamily Pooidae, including wheat, barley, rye and oat

Fusarium DNA levels as compared to mycotoxin levels in finnish and estonian grain samples

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Clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and Fusarium fungi in organic red clover in Finland

We investigated the composition og fungal isolates in red clover roots and the susceptibility of red clover cultivars to Sclerotinia trifoliorum, which causes the important disease clover rot. In leaf experiments, the cultivars Jokioinen and Ilte were more susceptible to one of the S. trifoliorum isolates than Betty and Bjursele, while all of them were equally susceptible to two other S. trifoliorum isolates

Different grain grinding methods affect detection of Fusarium graminearum DNA and mycotoxins

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A Polyphasic Approach to Compare the Genomic Profiles of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Isolates of Aspergillus Section Flavi

Aflatoxins (AF) are highly toxic compounds produced by Aspergillus section Flavi. Theyspoil food crops and present a serious global health hazard to humans and livestock. The aim ofthis study was to examine the phylogenetic relationships among aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenicAspergillus isolates. A polyphasic approach combining phylogenetic, sequence, and toxin analyses wasapplied to 40 Aspergillus section Flavi isolates collected from eight countries around the world (USA,Philippines, Egypt, India, Australia, Indonesia, China, and Uganda). This allows one to pinpoint thekey genomic features that distinguish AF producing and non-producing isolates. Based on molecularidentification, 32 (80%) were identified as A. flavus, three (7.5%) as A. parasiticus, three (7.5%) asA. nomius and one (2.5%) as A. tamarii. Toxin analysis showed that 22 (55%) Aspergillus isolateswere aflatoxigenic. The majority of the toxic isolates (62.5%) originated from Egypt. The highestaflatoxin production potential was observed in an A. nomius isolate which is originally isolatedfrom the Philippines. DNA-based molecular markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) were used to evaluate the genetic diversity andphylogenetic relationships among these 40 Aspergillus isolates, which were originally selected from80 isolates. The percentage of polymorphic bands in three RAPD and three ISSR primers was 81.9%and 79.37%, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance showed significant diversity within thepopulations, 92% for RAPD and 85% for ISSR primers. The average of Polymorphism InformationContent (PIC), Marker Index (MI), Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) in ISSRmarkers are higher than those in RAPD markers. Based on banding patterns and gene diversitiesvalues, we observed that the ISSR-PCR provides clearer data and is more successful in geneticdiversity analyses than RAPD-PCR. Dendrograms generated from UPGMA (Unweighted Pair GroupMethod with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analyses for RAPD and ISSR markers were related to thegeographic origin.</p