Smarandache U-liberal semigroup structure

In this paper, Smarandache U-liberal semigroup structure is given. It is shown that a semigroup S is Smarandache U-liberal semigroup if and only if it is a strong semilattice of some rectangular monoids. Consequently, some corresponding results on normal orthocryptous semigroups and normal orthocryptogroups are generalized and extended

Fracton phases of matter

Fractons are a new type of quasiparticle which are immobile in isolation, but can often move by forming bound states. Fractons are found in a variety of physical settings, such as spin liquids and elasticity theory, and exhibit unusual phenomenology, such as gravitational physics and localization. The past several years have seen a surge of interest in these exotic particles, which have come to the forefront of modern condensed matter theory. In this review, we provide a broad treatment of fractons, ranging from pedagogical introductory material to discussions of recent advances in the field. We begin by demonstrating how the fracton phenomenon naturally arises as a consequence of higher moment conservation laws, often accompanied by the emergence of tensor gauge theories. We then provide a survey of fracton phases in spin models, along with the various tools used to characterize them, such as the foliation framework. We discuss in detail the manifestation of fracton physics in elasticity theory, as well as the connections of fractons with localization and gravitation. Finally, we provide an overview of some recently proposed platforms for fracton physics, such as Majorana islands and hole-doped antiferromagnets. We conclude with some open questions and an outlook on the field

The First Zagreb Index, Vertex-Connectivity, Minimum Degree And Independent Number in Graphs

Let G be a simple, undirected and connected graph. Defined by M1(G) and RMTI(G) the first Zagreb index and the reciprocal Schultz molecular topological index of G, respectively. In this paper, we determined the graphs with maximal M1 among all graphs having prescribed vertex-connectivity and minimum degree, vertex-connectivity and bipartition, vertex-connectivity and vertex-independent number, respectively. As applications, all maximal elements with respect to RMTI are also determined among the above mentioned graph families, respectively

Isolation and complete genomic characterization of H1N1 subtype swine influenza viruses in southern China through the 2009 pandemic

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The swine influenza (SI) is an infectious disease of swine and human. The novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) that emerged from April 2009 in Mexico spread rapidly and caused a human pandemic globally. To determine whether the tremendous virus had existed in or transmitted to pigs in southern China, eight H1N1 influenza strains were identified from pigs of Guangdong province during 2008-2009.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on the homology and phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of each gene segments, the isolates were confirmed to belong to the classical SI group, with HA, NP and NS most similar to 2009 human-like H1N1 influenza virus lineages. All of the eight strains were low pathogenic influenza viruses, had the same host range, and not sensitive to class of antiviral drugs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides the evidence that there is no 2009 H1N1-like virus emerged in southern China, but the importance of swine influenza virus surveillance in China should be given a high priority.</p

Aberrant Calcium Signaling in Astrocytes Inhibits Neuronal Excitability in a Human Down Syndrome Stem Cell Model.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that causes cognitive impairment. The staggering effects associated with an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) complicates mechanistic understanding of DS pathophysiology. We examined the neuron-astrocyte interplay in a fully recapitulated HSA21 trisomy cellular model differentiated from DS-patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). By combining calcium imaging with genetic approaches, we discovered the functional defects of DS astroglia and their effects on neuronal excitability. Compared with control isogenic astroglia, DS astroglia exhibited more-frequent spontaneous calcium fluctuations, which reduced the excitability of co-cultured neurons. Furthermore, suppressed neuronal activity could be rescued by abolishing astrocytic spontaneous calcium activity either chemically by blocking adenosine-mediated signaling or genetically by knockdown of inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptors or S100B, a calcium binding protein coded on HSA21. Our results suggest a mechanism by which DS alters the function of astrocytes, which subsequently disturbs neuronal excitability

Travel routes estimation in transportation systems modeled by Petri Nets

This paper develops an algorithm for estimating the route(s) with the least total travel time in transportation systems that are modeled as Petri nets. Each transition in the net is associated with a cost that is related to the travel time from a starting point to a destination. This cost can be computed from the traffic flow and vehicle speed information obtained from the traffic data via an approach called Adaptive Gray Threshold Traffic Parameters Measurement (AGTTPM). Given a transportation system modeled as a Petri net that has cost on each transition, we aim at finding the transition firing sequences (traffic routes) from an initial marking (a starting point) to a final marking (a destination) within a certain time period T and have the least total cost (the least total travel time). In this paper we develop an algorithm that is able to systematically obtain these routes with the least total travel time