Analysis of the EGFR gene mutation in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer in a Chinese population

Purpose: To investigate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations and analyze their clinical significance in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Hubei province of China.Methods: A total of 138 paraffin embedded tissues were taken from patients with NSCLC who were treated at Hubei Hospital from January 2014 to June 2015. The tissue DNA was extracted and EGFR mutation was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing analysis of exons 18, 19, 20, and 21.Results: The overall mutation rate of EGFR gene was 30.43 % (42/138) in 138 NSCLC patients. The mutation rates of EGFR gene at exon 18, 19, 20, 21 were 0 %（0/138), 13.8 %（19/138), 0.7 % (1/138) and 15.9 % (22/138), respectively. The mutation rate of EGFR gene was higher in female patients than that in males (62.2 % (28/45) vs 15.1 % (14/93), p < 0.01), and higher in non-smoking patients than in smoking ones (p < 0.05), but had no correlation with age in NSCLC patients (p > 0.05). EGFR mutation frequency in adenocarcinoma was higher than that in squamous cell carcinoma: 33.9 % (41/121) vs. 5.9 % (1/17, p < 0.05).Conclusion: EGFR mutations in NSCLC patients mainly exist in exons 19 and 21, and the mutation rate of exon 21 is higher than that of exon 19, which is more commonly found in female, adenocarcinoma and non-smoking patients.Keywords: Non-small cell lung cancer, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Targeted therapy, Sequencin

Seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus in western Yunnan Province

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the seroepidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in western Yunnan Province.MethodsQuestionnaire survey was conducted among 1638 residents in western Yunnan Province using stratified sampling method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect serum anti-HEV IgG and IgM. HEV RNA was extracted from patients with serum anti-HEV IgM positive. The open reading flame 2 (ORF2) of HEV that was amplified by nested RT-PCR was sequenced and compared with standard HEV genotypes 1-4.ResultsSerum anti-HEV positive was found in 13.92% (228/1638) residents. The HEV infection rate in males was significantly higher than that in females with a ratio of 1.47 (P<0.01). 20-30 and 30-40 years old young men showed the highest incidence, 20.57% and 20.78%, respectively. While 10-20 and 20-30 years old young women exhibited the highest infection rate, 11.85% and 15.60%, respectively. According to occupation, the highest HEV infection rate was observed in farmers (20.35%) and migrants (16.50%). We isolated 10 individual HEV isolates from 31 patients with serum anti-HEV IgM positive. Homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these 10 HEV isolates belonged to HEV genotype 4 with the homology of 78.65%-94.71%.ConclusionsThe HEV infection rate is high in western Yunnan Province. HEV genotype 4 is the leading cause of HEV infection and young farmers and migrants are the main infected population

The prevention and controlling strategies for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in clinical nursing

目的  探讨呼吸机相关肺炎的预防及有效控制的相关措施。方法  通过对呼吸机相关肺炎的发病原因及其危害的综述，系统总结了当前临床上主要的控制措施。结果  口腔护理、侧卧位、正确有效的吸痰及注意手卫生是预防呼吸机相关肺炎的主要非药理相关方法。结论  呼吸机相关肺炎通过药理护理和非药理护理可防可控。Objective: To explore the prevention strategies for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia and effective ways to control it. Methods: Through reviewing the caution and its damage of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, we systematically summarized the major control measures that used in clinic. Results: Oral care, backrest elevation, right tube suctioning processes and hand cleaning are the major no-drug prevention strategies for Ventilator Associated Pneumonia. Conclusion: Ventilator Associated Pneumonia can be prevented and controlled by drugs and no-drugs nursing

Obciążenie chorobami układu sercowo-naczyniowego u osób hospitalizowanych w szpitalu w Guangzhou w Chinach, w latach 2006–2015

Introduction. To explore the epidemiological characters of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients and to give a certain clues for disease prevention and clinical treatment. Material and methods. We carried out an investigation using retrospective study method by the medical records retrieval system, and extracted the data of inpatients suffered from CVD in a hospital in Guangzhou from 2006 to 2015, including age, gender, disease onset time, clinical diagnosis, hospitalization days, cost and so on. Results. The average admissions per 5 years kept increasing in the study period. Most inpatients suffered from the CVD in December (n = 9288, 9.10%), while least in February (n = 7309, 7.16%). Most of the inpatients were 66–75-years- -old (n = 24,891, 24.37%). Gender ratio (male vs. female) of CVD inpatients showed a downward trend came with age. The gender ratio was 1.9 and 0.99 among inpatients below 26-years-old and above 85-years-old, respectively. Most common CVD were ischemic heart diseases (29.46%), cerebrovascular diseases (21.59%) and hypertensive diseases (15.18%). The adjusted hospitalization cost was 4600.30 USD in 2006 and 5473.66 USD in 2006, while the average hospitalization days were 15.63 in 2006 and 9.98 in 2015. Conclusions. More attention should be paid to the middle and elderly people with CVD risk factors, especially the senile women, to reduce the disease burden. The change of gender ratio suggested there may be other significant causes leading to the gender differences besides estrogen.Wstęp. Badanie przeprowadzono w celu oceny cech epidemiologicznych chorych hospitalizowanych z powodu chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego i sformułowanie wskazówek dotyczących zapobiegania tym chorobom oraz ich leczenia. Materiał i metody. Badanie przeprowadzono w sposób retrospektywny na podstawie analizy danych medycznych, korzystając z dokumentacji pacjentów hospitalizowanych z powodu chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego w szpitalu w Guangzhou w latach 2006–2015. Dane włączone do analizy obejmowały między innymi wiek, płeć, czas rozpoczęcia choroby, rozpoznanie kliniczne, okres hospitalizacji (dni), koszty związane z hospitalizacją. Wyniki. Średnia liczba hospitalizacji na 5 lat zwiększała się stale w badanym okresie. Najwięcej chorych zgłaszało się do szpitala z powodu chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego w grudniu (n = 9288; 9,10%), natomiast najmniej w lutym (n = 7309; 7,16%). Największą grupę hospitalizowanych stanowiły osoby w wieku 66–75 lat (n = 24 891; 24,37%). Wartość współczynnika płci chorych (stosunek liczby mężczyzn do liczby kobiet) wśród osób hospitalizowanych z powodu chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego zmniejszała się z wiekiem. Współczynnik ten wynosił 1,9 i 0,99, odpowiednio, w grupach chorych w wieku poniżej 26 lat oraz powyżej 85 lat. Do najczęstszych CVD należały choroba niedokrwienna serca (29,46%), choroba naczyniowa mózgu (21,59%) i nadciśnienie tętnicze (15,18%). Skorygowane koszty hospitalizacji wynosiły 4600,30 USD w 2006 roku i 5473,66 USD w 2015 roku, natomiast średni czas hospitalizacji wynosił odpowiednio 15,63 i 9,98 dnia. Wnioski. Aby zmniejszyć obciążenie chorobami sercowo-naczyniowymi należy zwrócić większa uwagę na osoby w średnim i podeszłym wieku, u których występują czynniki ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego; dotyczy to zwłaszcza starszych kobiet. Zmiana proporcji płci chorych sugeruje, że oprócz estrogenu mogą istnieć inne przyczyny powodujące różnicę w liczbie zachorowań na choroby sercowo-naczyniowe

Bis(1,3-diethyl­benzimidazolium) tetra­bromidomercurate(II)

In the title compound, (C11H15N2)2[HgBr4], the tetra­coordinated HgII center of the complex anion adopts a distorted tetra­hedral geometry [Hg—Br = 2.5755 (8)–2.623 (11) Å and Br—Hg—Br = 103.78 (19)–116.4 (3)°]. One of the Br atoms is disordered over two sites [site-occupancy factors = 0.51 (6) and 0.49 (6)]. The N—C—N angles in the cations are 110.7 (6) and 111.4 (7)°. In the crystal packing, a supra­molecular chain is formed via both weak inter­molecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and π–π aromatic ring stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid separation = 3.803 (1) Å]

Tissue distribution and excretion of the five components of Portulaca oleracea L. extract in rat assessed by UHPLC

The aim of the present study was to investigate the tissue distribution and excretion of five components of Portulaca oleracea L. extract (POE) in rat following oral administration. A rapid, sensitive and specific ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method with puerarin as the internal standard was used for the quantitative analysis of five components of POE, including caffeic acid (CA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA), ferulic acid (FA), quercitrin (QUER) and hesperidin (HP) in rat tissues including the liver, intestine, stomach, muscle, heart, lung, brain, kidney and spleen, urine and feces. The results show that onlyp-CA and FA were found in nearly all tissues with low cumulative ratios, and CA was higher in the intestine and stomach with a slightly higher cumulative ratio in the urine and feces after 24 h. HP and QUER were found at low levels in the tissues with low cumulative ratios.O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a distribuição tecidual e excreção de cinco componentes de extrato Portulaca oleracea L. (POE) em ratos após administração oral. Um método analítico rápido, sensível e específico para quantificação de cinco componentes de POE (ácido cafeico (CA), ácidop-cumárico (p-CA), ácido ferúlico (FA), quercitrina (QUER) e hesperidina (HP)) por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência (UHPLC), empregando puerarina como padrão interno de referência. Os compostos foram quantificados em diferentes tecidos dos animais, sendo eles fígado, intestino, estômago, músculo, coração, pulmão, cérebro, rim e baço, urina e fezes. Os resultados mostraram que apenas p-CA e FA foram encontradas em todos os tecidos com baixas taxas cumulativas e CA apresentou níveis mais altos no intestino e estômago com a taxa cumulativa um pouco mais elevada na urina e nas fezes após 24 h. HP e QUER apresentaram baixas concentrações nos tecidos com baixas taxas cumulativas

3-[(E)-2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro­prop-1-en-1-yl]-N-(2-fluoro­phen­yl)-2,2-dimethyl­cyclo­propane-1-carboxamide

The phenyl ring in the title compound, C15H14ClF4NO, makes a dihedral angle of 80.3 (3)° with the cyclo­propane ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains running along the a axis