The L∞-null controllability of parabolic equation with equivalued surface boundary conditions

In this paper, we obtain the L∞-null controllability of the parabolic equation with equivalued surface boundary conditions in Ω×[0,T]. The control is supported in the product of an open subset of Ω and a subset of [0,T] with positive measure. The main result is obtained by the method of Lebeau-Robbiano iteration, based on a new estimate for partial sum of the eigenfunctions of the elliptic operator with equivalued surface boundary conditions

Numerical simulation of two-phase cross flow in the gas diffusion layer microstructure of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

The cross flow in the under-land gas diffusion layer (GDL) between 2 adjacent channels plays an important role on water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A 3-dimensional (3D) two-phase model that is based on volume of fluid is developed to study the liquid water-air cross flow within the GDL between 2 adjacent channels. By considering the detailed GDL microstructures, various types of air-water cross flows are investigated by 3D numerical simulation. Liquid water at 4 locations is studied, including droplets at the GDL surface and liquid at the GDL-catalyst layer interface. It is found that the water droplet at the higher-pressure channel corner is easier to be removed by cross flow compared with droplets at other locations. Large pressure difference Δp facilitates the faster water removal from the higher-pressure channel. The contact angle of the GDL fiber is the key parameter that determines the cross flow of the droplet in the higher-pressure channel. It is observed that the droplet in the higher-pressure channel is difficult to flow through the hydrophobic GDL. Numerical simulations are also performed to investigate the water emerging process from different pores of the GDL bottom. It is found that the amount of liquid water removed by cross flow mainly depends on the pore's location, and the water under the land is removed entirely into the lower-pressure channel by cross flow

Sudden stoppage of rotor in a thermally driven rotary motor made from double-walled carbon nanotubes

In a thermally driven rotary motor made from double-walled carbon nanotubes, the rotor (inner tube) can be actuated to rotate within the stator (outer tube) when the environmental temperature is high enough. A sudden stoppage of the rotor can occur when the inner tube has been actuated to rotate at a stable high speed. To find the mechanisms of such sudden stoppages, eight motor models with the same rotor but different stators are built and simulated in the canonical NVT ensembles. Numerical results demonstrate that the sudden stoppage of the rotor occurs when the difference between radii is near 0.34 nm at a high environmental temperature. A smaller difference between radii does not imply easier activation of the sudden rotor stoppage. During rotation, the positions and electron density distribution of atoms at the ends of the motor show that a sp(1) bonded atom on the rotor is attracted by the sp(1) atom with the biggest deviation of radial position on the stator, after which they become two sp(2) atoms. The strong bond interaction between the two atoms leads to the loss of rotational speed of the rotor within 1 ps. Hence, the sudden stoppage is attributed to two factors: the deviation of radial position of atoms at the stator's ends and the drastic thermal vibration of atoms on the rotor in rotation. For a stable motor, sudden stoppage could be avoided by reducing deviation of the radial position of atoms at the stator's ends. A nanobrake can be, thus, achieved by adjusting a sp(1) atom at the ends of stator to stop the rotation of rotor quickly.The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural-Science-Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50908190, 11372100)

Novel spectrum sensing algorithms for OFDM cognitive radio networks

© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Spectrum sensing technology plays an increasingly important role in cognitive radio networks. Consequently, several spectrum sensing algorithms have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we present a new spectrum sensing algorithm “Differential Characteristics-Based OFDM (DC-OFDM)” for detecting OFDM signal on account of differential characteristics. We put the primary value on channel gain _ around zero to detect the presence of primary user. Furthermore, utilizing the same method of differential operation, we improve two traditional OFDM sensing algorithms (cyclic prefix and pilot tones detecting algorithms), and propose a “Differential Characteristics-Based Cyclic Prefix (DC-CP)” detector and a “Differential Characteristics-Based Pilot Tones (DC-PT)” detector, respectively. DC-CP detector is based on auto-correlation vector to sense the spectrum, while the DC-PT detector takes the frequency-domain cross-correlation of PT as the test statistic to detect the primary user. Moreover, the distributions of the test statistics of the three proposed methods have been derived. Simulation results illustrate that all of the three proposed methods can achieve good performance under low signal to noise ratio (SNR) with the presence of timing delay. Specifically, the DC-OFDM detector gets the best performance among the presented detectors. Moreover, both of the DC-CP and DC-PT detector achieve significant improvements compared with their corresponding original detectors

Nexus of Inter-organizational Trust, Principled Negotiation, and Joint Action for Improved Cost Performance: Survey of Chinese Megaprojects

Drawing on the theory of relational governance, this study determined the nexus of interorganizational trust, principled negotiation, and joint action in cost performance. To this end, five hypotheses were formulated based on established management theories or principles of organizational studies. The study used partial least squares structural equation modeling to analyze the 248 valid questionnaires collected from the analyzed organizations involved in megaprojects. The results show that interorganizational trust has direct and indirect positive effects on improving cost performance. Principled negotiation and joint action can serve as multiple mediating roles between interorganizational trust and cost performance. Contractual governance also has different moderation effects on principled negotiation and joint action toward cost performance. In conclusion, this study contributes to the knowledge on interorganizational trust and its mediating effects on cost performance from the perspective of megaprojects. The results are generalizable to other projects with complicated organizational and working relationships

Lu-Hf Chronology in Chondrites and the Role of Phosphates.

第2回極域科学シンポジウム/第34回南極隕石シンポジウム 11月17日（木） 国立国語研究所 2階講

Simultaneous Determination of Palladium and Platinum by On-line Enrichment and HPLC with 4-(2-Hydroxynaphthalene- 1-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,5-Dithione as Pre-column Derivatization Reagent

In this paper, a new reagent, 4-(2-hydroxy-naphthalene-1-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,5-dithione (HNMTD) was synthesized. A new method for the simultaneous determination of palladium and platinum ions as metal-HNMTD chelates was developed using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with an on-line enrichment technique. Prior to chromatography the palladium and platinum ions were derivatized with HNMTD to coloured chelate complexes. The Pd-HNMTD and Pt-HNMTD complexes were then enriched on an enrichment column(ZORBAXReversed Phase StableBoundC18, 4.6×10mm,1.8 μm) using a buffer solution of 0.05 mol L–1 sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer (pH 3.8) as mobile phase.After the enrichment was completed, the retained chelates were back-flushed to the analytical column. The separation of chelates on the analytical column (ZORBAX Reversed Phase Stable Bound C18, 4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) was satisfactory when 72% methanol (containing 0.05 mol L–1 of pH 3.8 sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer salt and 0.1% of TritonX-100) was used as mobile phase. The Pt-HNMTD and Pd-HNMTD chelates were separated completely within 2 min. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for palladium and platinum were 1.2 ng L–1 and 1.4 ng L–1, respectively. The method was applied with good results to the determination of palladium and platinum in water and urine samples.Keywords: Palladium, platinum, 4-(2-hydroxy-naphthalene-1-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,5-dithione, high performance liquid chromatography, on-line enrichment

Histone Posttranslational Modifications of CD4+ T Cell in Autoimmune Diseases

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