Ultrasonographic examination of the carpal canal in dogs

The aim of this study was to determine the course of the median nerve and its adjacent structures in the carpal canals of 8 healthy dogs by using high-frequency transducers. Before performing ultrasonography, the transverse and posteroanterior diameters as well as the perimeter of the carpus were measured at just proximal to the side of the carpal pad. The anatomical structures were then determined at two levels of the carpal canal, which were named the proximal and distal levels, on the transverse sonograms. The cross-sectional areas, perimeters and the transverse and posteroanterior diameters of the median nerve were measured at these levels. Although all the measurements were larger at the proximal level, significant differences between the proximal and distal levels were determined for the cross-sectional area, the perimeter and the transverse diameter of the median nerve. On the transverse sonogram, the deep digital flexor tendon was seen in almost the center of the carpal canal like a comma shape and also it had a small concavity on the caudal side. The superficial digital flexor tendon was seen as an ovoid shape on the transverse sonograms and it was located nearly at the posterior side of the carpal canal. Both tendons were seen as intermediate-grade echogenic structures. The median artery was located inside of the concavity of the deep digital flexor tendon. Also, the median nerve was seen at the posteromedial side of the median artery. As a result of this study, the cross-sectional areas of the median nerve ranged between 1.01-2.68 mm2 at the proximal level and between 0.93-1.91 mm2 at the distal level

La banque de Finlande, les banques privées et les établissements hypothécaires en 1912

Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT

E-LEARNING EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UN IVERSITIES WITH INSTRUCTORS’ PERSPECTIVES AND A SURVEY IN TURKEY

E-learning is becoming more popular way of education system for the universities in our period with the high spread of internet based applications. There are researches related to e-learning which examine the benefits and barriers throughout the integration period and most of them emphasize on the students perspective. This re search concentrates on instructors of the universities, who use them as a new education tool, with the aim of breaking the perceptive barriers and establishing the instructors’ awareness for the benefits of e-learning education system. The factors that affect the successful e-learning adaptation from the instructors’ side could be realized with the help of this research. The research method is based on quantitative analysis which generally searches information about the factors that affects the instructors throughout the e-learning education. This will provide consid erable educational framework for universities’ instructors

In-vitro effects of PDE5 inhibitor and statin treatment on the contractile responses of experimental MetS rabbit's cavernous smooth muscle

Objective: Hypercholesterolaemia promotes erectile dysfunction through increased superoxide formation and decreased nitric oxide bioactivity in cavernosal tissue. The role of nitric oxide on erectile function is well known. Statins have lipid lowering properties and can modulate endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability. Sildenafil, enhances smooth muscle relaxation in corpus cavernosum. We invastigated in-vitro effects of sildenafil and rosuvastatin on nonadrenergic, non-cholinergic and nitric oxide mediated cavernosal smooth musle relaxation in metabolic syndrome rabbits, since alterations in this pathway are recognised in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic erectile dysfunction. Methods: Ten male rabbits were fed a standart diet as control group, fourty male rabbits were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 12 weeks. Hypercholesterolemic group were divided for without treatment, rosuvastatin treatment, sildenafil teratment, and rosuvastatin + sildenafil treatment (N = 10 per groups). Results: Serum levels of cholesterol and glucose were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.05). After theraphy no differences were found among the groups in relaxation responses to sodium nitroprusside. The relaxation responses to carbachol and EFS were significantly reduced in metabolic syndrome group to control group (p < 0.05), but there were no differences between the other groups and control group. There was a significantly lower in-vitro relaxation response in the metabolic syndrome rabbits than in controls and the others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Both agents improve in-vitro relaxation responses of erectile tissue from metabolic syndrome rabbits to endothelial non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic and nitric oxide. This finding supports to the results of other clinical studies with these drugs

Pilates for Better Sex: Changes in Sexual Functioning in Healthy Turkish Women After Pilates Exercise

PMID = 2582647

Superb microvascular imaging Doppler technique in the evaluation of ovarian stromal vascularity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective: To compare the assessment of intra-ovarian stromal vascularity through transabdominal ultrasonography with colour Doppler imaging, power Doppler imaging, colour superb microvascular imaging and monochrome superb microvascular imaging in polycystic ovary syndrome cases. Method: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient department of the Usak Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, from April 11 to June 18, 2018, and comprised grayscale colour Doppler imaging, power Doppler imaging, colour superb microvascular imaging and monochrome superb microvascular imaging of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The recorded video images were evaluated by three radiologists and rated through consensus decision. Mean values for age, body mass index, follicle stimulating hormone and l uteinizing hormone levels, luteinizing hormone-follicle stimulating hormone ratio, Ferriman Gallwey score, and mean ovarian volume of the subjects were evaluated. Data was analysed using Number Cruncher Statistical System. Results: Of the 54 women evaluated, data of 42(77.8%) was included. There were a total of 83 ovaries, as the left ovary of 1(1.2%) patient was not visible. The mean age and body mass index were 24.02±5.8 years and 25.08±4.5kg/m2. Mean follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels were 5.51±1.91 and 7.91±6.13m IU/mL. Luteinizing hormone/follicle stimulating hormone ratio and Ferriman Gallwey score were 1.4±0.8 and 8.67 ±6.94, respectively. The mean ovarian volume was 12.2±3.43 cm3. The detection of vascularity was colour Doppler imaging 0.72±0.97, power Doppler imaging 0.96±1.08, colour superb microvascular imaging 2.47±1.25, and monochrome superb microvascular imaging 2.75±1.31. The techniques were significant for superb microvascular imaging Doppler than conventional Doppler (p<0.001). Hyper-ovarian stromal vascularity, like a 'stellate' sign, was detected in 17(20.5%) of the total 83 ovaries analysed. Conclusions: Transabdominal ultrasonography-colour superb microvascular imaging was found to be more effective in detecting ovarian vascularity than conventional Doppler technique in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Key Words: Microvessels, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Ultrasonography, Doppler

Analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced and nuclear factor kappa B-silenced LNCaP prostate cancer cells by RT-qPCR

WOS: 000345948000005Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in males in the Western world. In the present study, LNCaP, which is an androgen receptor-positive and androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line derived from lymph node metastasis, and DU 145, which is an androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cell line derived from brain metastasis, were investigated. TNF alpha treatment decreased p105 and p50 expression and R1881 treatment slightly decreased p105 expression but increased p50 expression with or without TNF alpha induction. As an aggressive prostate cancer cell line, DU145 transfected with six transmembrane protein of prostate (STAMP)1 or STAMP2 was also exposed to TNF alpha. Western blotting indicated that transfection with either STAMP gene caused a significant increase in NF kappa B expression following TNF alpha induction. In addition, following the treatment of LNCaP cells with TNF alpha, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed with a panel of apoptosis-related gene primers. The apoptosis-related genes p53, p73, caspase 7 and caspase 9 showed statistically significant increases in expression levels while the expression levels of MDM2 and STAMP1 decreased following TNF alpha induction. Furthermore, LNCaP cells were transfected with a small interfering NF kappa B (siNF kappa B) construct for 1 and 4 days and induced with TNF alpha for the final 24 h. RT-qPCR amplifications were performed with apoptosis-related gene primers, including p53, caspases and STAMPs. However, no changes in the level of STAMP2 were observed between cells in the presence or absence of TNF alpha induction or between those transfected or not transfected with siNF kappa B; however, the level of STAMP1 was significantly decreased by TNF alpha induction, and significantly increased with siNF kappa B transfection. Silencing of the survival gene NF kappa B caused anti-apoptotic STAMPI expression to increase, which repressed p53, together with MDM2. NF kappa B silencing had varying effects on a panel of cancer regulatory genes. Therefore, the effective inhibition of NF kappa B may be critical in providing a targeted pathway for prostate cancer prevention.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106S295]; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA)Turkish Academy of Sciences [GEBIP-2007]This study was supported by grants from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) to CGK (Grant no: 106S295) and The Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) to CGK (GEBIP-2007)