A case study for control structure selection: Chlorination stage in the bleaching process of a pulp and paper plant

The minimization of chlorinated organic compounds in the effluents of the chlorination unit of a pulp mill is proposed by the use of a control structure for the chlorination unit. Bleached pulp properties are related to the unbleached pulp properties: lignin content, brightness, and viscosity, as well as the amount of chlorinated organics in the bleachery effluent. The best feasible control pairings are studied by RGA and SVD methods. Kappa number of the bleached pulp (a measure of lignin content) and percent consistency of the pulp to be bleached; residual chlorine (which affects the amount of chlorinated organics discharged) and percent chlorine/pulp ratio adapted in the chlorination stage; and exit pulp viscosity (which directly affects strength and tear resistance of the paper) and residence time in the chlorinator are chosen to be the best pairings

Soil stratigraphy and Quaternary caliche in the Misis area of the Adana Basin, southern Turkey

A section at Kizildere in the Misis-Adana Basin of Turkey reveals relations among mature massive caliche (calcrete) and paleosolic immature caliche and the Tertiary clay (the Handere Formation) and colluvial deposits. It also defines a gradational sequence from unweathered Tertiary clay deposits to massive caliches. From older to younger, the section comprises: Tertiary clays, paleosolic caliche, colluvial material, massive caliche, and lenticular caliche. The two massive caliche beds have similar assemblages of carbonate minerals, whereas the paleosolic caliche contains more clay minerals and most probably represents an earlier stage of massive caliche formation. The variability of types of calcite, the quantity and crystallisation state of palygroskite, and the presence of kaolinite and degraded smectite all support the view that the massive caliche is the end product of a degradation sequence from the Tertiary clay deposit to paleosolic caliche, and the lenticular caliche is the well-known petrocalcic horizon. © 1993

A revised stratigraphic framework for later Cenozoic sequences in the northeastern Mediterranean region

This study describes the lithostratigraphic character of mid-Cenozoic (Oligocene-Pliocene) sequences in different parts of the northeastern Mediterranean area and offers a detailed stratigraphic correlation for this region. The sequences concerned are drawn from the Camardi area (south-central Anatolia), the Adana Basin, the Misis Mountains and the Kyrenia Range (northern Cyprus) and the submerged Florence Rise (west of Cyprus). The stratigraphic relationships identified here indicate the following: (a) Following the middle Eocene (Lutetian) regression there was uplift throughout the entire region; (b) Episodes of fluvial and lacustrine deposition in intramontane settings ensued in most of this region during the late Eocene/early Miocene interval; (c) Following a regionally extensive phase of tectonic compression, major marine transgression commenced in the late Oligocene in northern Cyprus and in the early Miocene in adjacent southern Turkey, with the exception of the Ecemi§ Fault Zone where continental deposition continued; (d) These Oligo-Miocene transgressive sequences comprise a broadly diachronous complex of both shallow and deeper marine facies, including reefal carbonates, littoral clastics, basinal shales and fan-turbidites; (e) Deeper marine Miocene facies persisted longer in the Misis area and in northern Cyprus; (f) A regional regression occurred throughout most of the area during the late Serravallian to Tortonian interval and is marked by the abrupt, locally discordant appearance of extensive shallow marine, deltaic and fluvial deposits; (g) Continued regression in the Messinian led to the formation of significant evaporite deposits in the western and southern parts of the region, but localized uplift of the Misis area is attested by the initial deformation of the Neogene rocks there and the absence of Messinian sediments from this area; (h) In the Pliocene there was extensive emergence of the northern parts of the region interrupted by brief marine incursions. The present-day drainage pattern was established at this time; (i) Marine conditions persisted longer in northern Cyprus, where emergence occurred only in the latest Pliocene. © 1995 Springer-Verlag

Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based decision support system for urban intersections in transportation planning

In transportation planning, design of intersections is required some concrete decisions. It is mostly related to capacity, safety and economy. In many applications, capacity is considered as the main factor for design purpose and type of intersection is determined regarding the capacity. But it is known that safety and economy are as important as the capacity. In order to handle this problem, a multi-criteria decision making approach (AHP) is used. Four intersection types are used. Fuel consumption, emission rates, delay, cost of intersection type and safety parameters are taken into account in the decision process. These intersection types are tested by SIDRA Intersection software using the parameters listed above. The data obtained by SIDRA software is used in the AHP model. Weights of the factors used in the AHP model are varied considering the views of capacity and economy. And results and applicability of the model are discussed. © 2016, IGI Global. All rights reserved

Fluorouracil and folinic acid bolus schedule (nordic regimen) combined with irinotecan as a first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer

The recent incorporation of irinotecan (CPT-11) for the management of advanced colorectal cancer has generated further improvement in survival. The goal of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan plus bolus FU/FA (Nordic regimen) as first-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. A total of 43 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan plus bolus FU/FA (Nordic regimen) as first-line chemotherapy were reviewed. Patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum and who had measurable disease and WHO performance status of 2 or less were treated with irinotecan 210 mg/m2 as a 30-90 min intravenous infusion on day 1, followed by 5-FU 500 mg/m2 and FA 60 mg/m2 bolus on days 1 and 2, every 2 weeks, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients were evaluated for response rates, survival and toxicity. Median patient age was 56 (29-76) years. Response rates were 72% as a carcino embryogenic antigen (CEA) level and 45% as a clinic evaluation. Disease control rates were 76% as a CEA level and 80% as a clinic evaluation. Median duration of response was 5,8 (2-9) months as a clinic evaluation and median duration of response was 6,6 (2-11) months as a CEA level. Median progression free interval was 9 (2-13) months and median overall survival was 16 (3-18) months. Grade 3-4 neutropenia occurred in 30% of the patients. Non-haematological toxicities were mild. There was no treatment-related death. Irinotecan - Nordic regimen is considered as a reasonable option for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

The Role Of Oroclinal Bending In The Structural Evolution Of The Central Anatolian Plateau: Evidence Of A Regional Changeover From Shortening To Extension

The NW-SE striking extensional Inonu-Eskisehir Fault System is one of the most important active shear zones in Central Anatolia. This shear zone is comprised of semi-independent fault segments that constitute an integral array of crustal-scale faults that transverse the interior of the Anatolian plateau region. The WNW striking Eskisehir Fault Zone constitutes the western to central part of the system. Toward the southeast, this system splays into three fault zones. The NW striking Ilica Fault Zone defines the northern branch of this splay. The middle and southern branches are the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones, which also constitute the western boundary of the tectonically active extensional Tuzgolu Basin. The Sultanhani Fault Zone is the southeastern part of the system and also controls the southewestern margin of the Tuzgolu Basin. Structural observations and kinematic analysis of mesoscale faults in the Yeniceoba and Cihanbeyli Fault Zones clearly indicate a two-stage deformation history and kinematic changeover from contraction to extension. N-S compression was responsible for the development of the dextral Yeniceoba Fault Zone. Activity along this structure was superseded by normal faulting driven by NNE-SSW oriented tension that was accompanied by the reactivation of the Yeniceoba Fault Zone and the formation of the Cihanbeyli Fault Zone. The branching of the Inonu-Eskisehir Fault System into three fault zones (aligned with the apex of the Isparta Angle) and the formation of graben and halfgraben in the southeastern part of this system suggest ongoing asymmetric extension in the Anatolian Plateau. This extension is compatible with a clockwise rotation of the area, which may be associated with the eastern sector of the Isparta Angle, an oroclinal structure in the western central part of the plateau. As the initiation of extension in the central to southeastern part of the Inonu-Eskisehir Fault System has similarities with structures associated with the Isparta Angle, there may be a possible relationship between the active deformation and bending of the orocline and adjacent areas.WoSScopu

Performance of ozone and peroxone on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) coupled with cost analysis

Micropollutants such as endocrine disruptors are one of the most important groups of chemicals polluting water resources. Conventional treatment systems may not be effective for the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and the fate of these chemicals should be carefully monitored in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Additional treatment methods such as advanced oxidation processes can be used for the removal of endocrine disruptors. This study presents the existence of endocrine disruptors in 4 different effluents: (i) municipal WWTP effluent, (ii) textile industry WWTP effluent, (iii) organized industrial zone (OIZ) WWTP effluent and (iv) pharmaceutical industry discharge and also presents their removal efficiencies by ozonation and peroxone oxidation. A broad spectrum of removal efficiencies was observed for the EDCs present in the samples since the oxidation efficiency of wastewaters containing EDCs mainly depends on the wastewater matrix and on the type of the EDCs. Ozonation was found to be a lower-cost option than peroxone oxidation at the investigated conditions