Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) promote neurorepair in the ischemic brain

Despite the fact that ischemic stroke has been considered a leading cause of mortality in the world, recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the ischemic injury and the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients have led to a sharp decrease in the number of stroke deaths. However, this decrease in stroke mortality has also led to an increase in the number of patients that survive the acute ischemic injury with different degrees of disability. Unfortunately, to this date we do not have an effective therapeutic strategy to promote neurological recovery in these growing population of stroke survivors. Cerebral ischemia not only causes the destruction of a large number of axons and synapses but also activates endogenous mechanisms that promote the recovery of those neurons that survive its harmful effects. Here we review experimental evidence indicating that one of these mechanisms of repair is the binding of the serine proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR) in the growth cones of injured axons. Indeed, the binding of uPA to uPAR in the periphery of growth cones of injured axons induces the recruitment of ?1-integrin to the plasma membrane, ?1-integrin-mediated activation of the small Rho GTPase Rac1, and Rac1-induced axonal regeneration. Furthermore, we found that this process is modulated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1). The data reviewed here indicate that the uPA-uPAR-LRP1 system is a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies to promote neurological recovery in acute ischemic stroke patients

Construcción de una Matriz de Contabilidad Social para el análisis de políticas de seguridad social en salud

La introducción del nuevo sistema de seguridad social en 1993 trajo cambios en las relaciones existentes entre las instituciones colombianas. En el sector salud, el nuevo sistema conllevó a la creación de agentes intermediarios, quienes han desarrollado un papel de importancia en la determinación de los flujos económicos del sector y sus participantes. Hasta el momento, pocas investigaciones han establecido estas interacciones, lo que motivó a este estudio. En este documento se propone una primera aproximación a la construcción de estas relaciones en una síntesis de la economía colombiana, esto es, una matriz de contabilidad social.Matriz de Contabilidad Social, Sistema de Seguridad social en Salud

Elaboración de un programa de puntos de inspección de soldadura para la empresa Esmon S.A.S

La ausencia de la inspección de soldadura puede generar costos excesivos debido a reprocesos, menores estándares de calidad en el producto final, inseguridad en las fabricaciones, sin dejar de lado temas tan importantes como la vida y seguridad de las personas, y una menor vida útil del producto..

The in vitro antigenicity of Plasmodium vivax rhoptry neck protein 2 (PvRON2) B- and T-epitopes selected by HLA-DRB1 binding profile

Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is a neglected disease which is responsible for the highest morbidity in both Americas and Asia. Despite continuous public health efforts to prevent malarial infection, an effective antimalarial vaccine is still urgently needed. P. vivax vaccine development involves analyzing naturally-infected patients' immune response to the specific proteins involved in red blood cell invasion. The P. vivax rhoptry neck protein 2 (PvRON2) is a highly conserved protein which is expressed in late schizont rhoptries; it interacts directly with AMA-1 and might be involved in moving-junction formation. Bioinformatics approaches were used here to select B- and T-cell epitopes. Eleven high-affinity binding peptides were selected using the NetMHCIIpan-3.0 in silico prediction tool; their in vitro binding to HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DRB1*0701, HLA-DRB1*1101 or HLA-DRB1*1302 was experimentally assessed. Four peptides (39152 (HLA-DRB1*04 and 11), 39047 (HLA-DRB1*07), 39154 (HLADRB1*13) and universal peptide 39153) evoked a naturally-acquired T-cell immune response in P. vivax-exposed individuals from two endemic areas in Colombia. All four peptides had an SI greater than 2 in proliferation assays; however, only peptides 39154 and 39153 had significant differences compared to the control group. Peptide 39047 was able to significantly stimulate TNF and IL-10 production while 39154 stimulated TNF production. Allele-specific peptides (but not the universal one) were able to stimulate IL-6 production; however, none induced IFN-? production. The Bepipred 1.0 tool was used for selecting four B-cell epitopes in silico regarding humoral response. Peptide 39041 was the only one recognized by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera and had significant differences concerning IgG subclasses; an IgG2 > IgG4 profile was observed for this peptide, agreeing with a protection-inducing role against P. falciparum and P. vivax as previously described for antigens such as RESA and MSP2. The bioinformatics results and in vitro evaluation reported here highlighted two T-cell epitopes (39047 and 39154) being recognized by memory cells and a B-cell epitope (39041) identified by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera which could be used as potential candidates when designing a subunit-based vaccine. © 2018 López, Yepes-Pérez, Díaz-Arévalo, Patarroyo and Patarroyo

3D Analysis of the TCR/pMHCII Complex Formation in Monkeys Vaccinated with the First Peptide Inducing Sterilizing Immunity against Human Malaria

T-cell receptor gene rearrangements were studied in Aotus monkeys developing high antibody titers and sterilizing immunity against the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite upon vaccination with the modified synthetic peptide 24112, which was identified in the Merozoite Surface Protein 2 (MSP-2) and is known to bind to HLA-DRβ1*0403 molecules with high capacity. Spectratyping analysis showed a preferential usage of Vβ12 and Vβ6 TCR gene families in 67% of HLA-DRβ1*0403-like genotyped monkeys. Docking of peptide 24112 into the HLA-DRβ1*0401–HA peptide–HA1.7TCR complex containing the VDJ rearrangements identified in fully protected monkeys showed a different structural signature compared to nonprotected monkeys. These striking results show the exquisite specificity of the TCR/pMHCII complex formation needed for inducing sterilizing immunity and provide important hints for a logical and rational methodology to develop multiepitopic, minimal subunit-based synthetic vaccines against infectious diseases, among them malaria

Una aproximación a la salud en Colombia a partir de las Encuestas de Calidad de Vida

En este documento se esbozan los principales avances en cuanto a cobertura en salud, demanda de servicios médicos, y percepción del estado de salud en Colombia por medio de la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida de 1997 y 2003. Se encuentra un aumento en la cobertura en salud en la población donde el régimen subsidiado fue el que presentó mayor incremento en cobertura. Aún así existe una gran proporción que no cuenta con aseguramiento. También se evidencia un aumento en la consulta por prevención en 2003 y una disminución de las consultas por falta de dinero. En general el tipo de afiliación la demanda de servicios y el estado de salud autorreportado difieren regiones, formalidad del trabajo y quintiles de ingreso.Salud, cobertura, demanda de servicios médicos, estado de salud, calidad de vida

What is known about the immune response induced by Plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine candidates?

Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax continues being one of the most important infectious diseases around the world; P. vivax is the second most prevalent species and has the greatest geographic distribution. Developing an effective antimalarial vaccine is considered a relevant control strategy in the search for means of preventing the disease. Studying parasite-expressed proteins, which are essential in host cell invasion, has led to identifying the regions recognized by individuals who are naturally exposed to infection. Furthermore, immunogenicity studies have revealed that such regions can trigger a robust immune response that can inhibit sporozoite (hepatic stage) or merozoite (erythrocyte stage) invasion of a host cell and induce protection. This review provides a synthesis of the most important studies to date concerning the antigenicity and immunogenicity of both synthetic peptide and recombinant protein candidates for a vaccine against malaria produced by P. vivax. © 2017 López, Yepes-Pérez, Hincapié-Escobar, Díaz-Arévalo and Patarroyo

Universidad y pensamiento complejo. Una reflexión urgente

Education, in all its cycles, allows us to notice what the new generations do, think and dream. Thus, university life reveals quite well what social dynamics have changed in the last twenty or thirty years in Colombia. Such institutions, considered by modernity as the centers par excellence for the creation of new knowledge, reveal that there is already a generation of students in the country who have new expectations; students who have been permeated by a society that was invaded by the new information and communication technologies -ICT-; a matter that makes them have conceptions of knowledge, truth and information very different from that of most of their teachers. This paper reflects on this situation, starting from the idea that, in Colombia, the University as an institution of knowledge is not up to the changes that have occurred in society and the proposals to face its own problems do not come out of it. of current life, given that it remained cloistered in a formation crossed by instrumental rationality, analytical thinking and its consequent partition of knowledge into multiple portions that do not reveal the complex relationships of the world that its students live. Hence, it is concluded that a university institution founded from a complex thought is necessary. This work is the result of reflections made from the doctoral work undertaken by the authors, based on an interpretive-comprehensive methodology, with a documentary analysis technique.La educación, en todos sus ciclos, permite notar lo que hacen, piensan y sueñan las nuevas generaciones. Así, la vida universitaria revela bastante bien lo que ha cambiado la dinámica social en los últimos veinte o treinta años en Colombia. Tales instituciones, consideradas por la modernidad como los centros por excelencia para la creación de nuevos conocimientos, revelan que existe ya en el país una generación de estudiantes que tienen nuevas expectativas; estudiantes que han sido permeados por una sociedad que fue invadida por las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación -TIC-; asunto que hace que tengan concepciones del conocimiento, la verdad y la información, muy distintas a la de la mayoría de sus docentes. En el presente trabajo se reflexiona sobre dicha situación, partiendo de la idea de que, en Colombia, la Universidad como institución del saber no está a la altura de los cambios ocurridos en la sociedad y no salen de ella las propuestas para enfrentar las problemáticas propias de la vida actual, dado que se quedó enclaustrada en una formación cruzada por la racionalidad instrumental, el pensamiento analítico y su consecuente partición del saber en múltiples porciones que no revelan las complejas relaciones del mundo que vive su estudiantado. De allí que se concluya que es necesaria una institución universitaria fundada desde un pensamiento complejo. El presente trabajo es fruto de las reflexiones hechas a partir del trabajo doctoral emprendido por los autores, a partir de una metodología interpretativo-comprensiva, con una técnica de análisis documental

Plan de mejoramiento para la comercialización de café orgánico producido en la finca Los Ángeles del municipio de Balboa departamento de Risaralda

CD-T 658.83 C275; 92 pEl problema que se pretende resolver con este proyecto está enfocado en la búsqueda de estrategias comerciales para dar a conocer al mercado un café orgánico que aunque ya se está consumiendo en algunos sectores del municipio de Balboa y el departamento de Risaralda, se requiere una ampliación de los canales de distribución con el fin no sólo de aumentar la producción, sino de abarcar en mayor grado el mercado nacional con pretensión de un reconocimiento tanto de la marca como del café en el plano internacional.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereir