Histopathological image analysis : a review

Over the past decade, dramatic increases in computational power and improvement in image analysis algorithms have allowed the development of powerful computer-assisted analytical approaches to radiological data. With the recent advent of whole slide digital scanners, tissue histopathology slides can now be digitized and stored in digital image form. Consequently, digitized tissue histopathology has now become amenable to the application of computerized image analysis and machine learning techniques. Analogous to the role of computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) algorithms in medical imaging to complement the opinion of a radiologist, CAD algorithms have begun to be developed for disease detection, diagnosis, and prognosis prediction to complement the opinion of the pathologist. In this paper, we review the recent state of the art CAD technology for digitized histopathology. This paper also briefly describes the development and application of novel image analysis technology for a few specific histopathology related problems being pursued in the United States and Europe

Impact of Lighting Arrangements and Illuminances on Different Impressions of a Room

Cataloged from PDF version of article.This study explores whether different lighting arrangements (general lighting, wall washing and cove lighting) and different illuminances (500 and 320 lux) could affect the perception of the same space. An experimental study was conducted to investigate how the qualitative aspects of space (the impressions of a space) could be enhanced with lighting. Hundred participants were first asked to choose the most suitable lighting arrangement for each impression (clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness and order) under the 500 lux illuminance. In the second stage, they were asked to compare the two illuminances (500 and 320 lux) for the lighting arrangement they selected in the first stage. There was a statistically significant relation between impressions and lighting arrangements, also between impressions and lighting levels. Thus, different lighting arrangements and lighting levels could be used to enhance the clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness and order of a room. The results of this study found most suitable lighting arrangements with their illuminances for each impression, which is reported in the paper

Effects of hue, saturation, and brightness on preference

A study was done to investigate preference responses for foreground-background color relationships. To do this, 123 university undergraduates in Ankara, Turkey, were asked to view eight background colors selected from HSB color space on which color squares of differing hues, saturations, and brightnesses were presented. Subjects were asked to show the color square they preferred on the presented background color. Findings showed that colors having maximum saturation and brightness were most preferred. Blue was the most preferred hue regardless of background. The findings for preferences for foreground-background color relationships are also included in this article. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. Col. Res. Appl

Effects of different lighting types on visual performance

This study investigates whether different lighting types have an effect on the visual performance of office workers. Wall washing, cove lighting and uplighting were tested as they are the most widely used lighting types in offices, after general lighting. The lighting level chosen was 275 lx. The experiments were conducted in a controlled environment with different lighting types. Ninety participants took part in three groups of thirty. The performance measurements for each group were done in different lighting sequences. The data collected were statistically analysed. The effects of age, gender and eye deficiency of the participants on performance were also investigated

Colour naming

An experimental study exploring colour ranges corresponding to different colour names has been conducted. Available colour terms in Turkish language have been identified and the most frequently known or used colour terms have been attained. Using the Munsell Color System, colour ranges reflecting the colour naming and colour perception of Turkish people, have been constructed for each colour term. The discussion of the findings and observations during the research are also included. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Effects of Hue, Saturation, and Brightness: Part 2 - Attention

This is the second part of an experiment by Camgöz, Yener and Güvenç, which investigates attention responses for foreground-background colour relationships. One hundred and twenty three university undergraduates in Ankara, Turkey, viewed eight background colours selected from HSB colour space, on which colour squares of differing hues, saturations, and brightness's were presented. Participants were asked to show the colour square attracting the most attention on the presented background colour. Findings showed that on any background colour, colours of maximum saturation and brightness attract the most attention (67%). The yellow-green, green, and cyan range attracts the most attention (45%), followed by the red and magenta range (30%). Foreground-background colour relationships in terms of attention are also included in the findings of the study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Bone health assessment via digital wrist tomosynthesis in the mammography setting

Bone fractures attributable to osteoporosis are a significant problem. Though preventative treatment options are available for individuals who are at risk of a fracture, a substantial number of these individuals are not identified due to lack of adherence to bone screening recommendations. The issue is further complicated as standard diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone mineral density (BMD) derived from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which, while helpful in identifying many at risk, is limited in fully predicting risk of fracture. It is reasonable to expect that bone screening would become more prevalent and efficacious if offered in coordination with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) exams, provided that osteoporosis can be assessed using a DBT modality. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to explore the feasibility of using digital tomosynthesis imaging in a mammography setting. To this end, we measured density, cortical thickness and microstructural properties of the wrist bone, correlated these to reference measurements from microcomputed tomography and DXA, demonstrated the application in vivo in a small group of participants, and determined the repeatability of the measurements. We found that measurements from digital wrist tomosynthesis (DWT) imaging with a DBT scanner were highly repeatable ex vivo (error = 0.05%-9.62%) and in vivo (error = 0.06%-10.2%). In ex vivo trials, DWT derived BMDs were strongly correlated with reference measurements (R = 0.841-0.980), as were cortical thickness measured at lateral and medial cortices (R = 0.991 and R = 0.959, respectively) and the majority of microstructural measures (R = 0.736-0.991). The measurements were quick and tolerated by human patients with no discomfort, and appeared to be different between young and old participants in a preliminary comparison. In conclusion, DWT is feasible in a mammography setting, and informative on bone mass, cortical thickness, and microstructural qualities that are known to deteriorate in osteoporosis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first application of DBT for imaging bone. Future clinical studies are needed to further establish the efficacy for diagnosing osteoporosis and predicting risk of fragility fracture using DWT

Microzonation study based on ground amplification for erzincan city

Erzincan İli 1. derece deprem bölgesi içinde yeralmaktadır. Zemin yüzeyinden ana kayaya kadar alüvyon kalınlığı 1 km’yi bulan yerleşim alanında zemin büyütmesinin ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesinin gerekliliği açıktır. Bu çalışmada, Erzincan İl merkezi için bir boyutlu kayma dalgası teorisine dayanan, eşdeğer-doğrusal zemin büyütme analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, zemin profillerini belirlemek amacıyla, 1960-1980 yılları arasında Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğünce (DSİ) açılmış ve derinlikleri 275 m’yi bulan sondaj kuyularına ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Eşdeğer-doğrusal büyütme analizleri EduShake/ProShake programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kuyu noktalarında oluşturulan profillerde, 8 farklı anakaya hareketi kullanılarak, zemin yüzeyinde oluşan ortalama hareketin ivme-zaman geçmişi ve ortalama PSA (görünür spektral ivme) grafikleri oluşturularak Türk Deprem Yönetmeliğinde (2007) verilen tasarım spektrumu ve ana kaya mostrası PSA ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Belirli periyotlar için, spektral ivme cinsinden büyütme oranları (ana kaya mostrası hareketine göre) hesaplanmıştır. Sondaj noktalarının temsil ettiği alanlarda, büyütmeye maruz kalması beklenen yapı periyotları haritada gösterilmektedir.Nearly all regions in Erzincan lie on a first degree earthquake zone. In the plains of the city, the thickness of the alluvial layer over the bedrock is about 1 km. In this regard, it is clear that a detailed ground amplification analysis is required for the city settlement area. In this research, soil amplification analyses based on equivalent linear one dimensional shear wave theory have been made for the province of Erzincan. For this purpose, borehole (max depth 275 m) data pertaining to DSI (State Water Works) drilled between 1960 and 1980 for ground water exploration are used. The equivalent linear ground motion analyses have been accomplished by EduShake/ProShake, a one dimensional shear wave analysis program. Eight different scaled real ground motion acceleration time histories are used to obtain surface motion PSA (Pseudo Spectral Acceleration). The average of PSA at each boring location is plotted together with bed rock outcrop PSA and 2007-Turkish Earthquake Code Design Spectrum. The amplification ratios for each period are computed by dividing surface PSA to bedrock outcrop PSA. The map of the city is divided into microzones, representing each boring log to display periods where computed amplifications are observed

A reverse engineering approach to the suppression of citation biases reveals universal properties of citation distributions

The large amount of information contained in bibliographic databases has recently boosted the use of citations, and other indicators based on citation numbers, as tools for the quantitative assessment of scientific research. Citations counts are often interpreted as proxies for the scientific influence of papers, journals, scholars, and institutions. However, a rigorous and scientifically grounded methodology for a correct use of citation counts is still missing. In particular, cross-disciplinary comparisons in terms of raw citation counts systematically favors scientific disciplines with higher citation and publication rates. Here we perform an exhaustive study of the citation patterns of millions of papers, and derive a simple transformation of citation counts able to suppress the disproportionate citation counts among scientific domains. We find that the transformation is well described by a power-law function, and that the parameter values of the transformation are typical features of each scientific discipline. Universal properties of citation patterns descend therefore from the fact that citation distributions for papers in a specific field are all part of the same family of univariate distributions.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. Supporting information files available at http://filrad.homelinux.or