New Data Acquisition and Triggering Systems for the DECOR Coordinate Detector

AbstractThe description of the new data acquisition and triggering systems for the DECOR coordinate-tracking detector is presented. The hardware of the DECOR supermodule controller providing effective triggering events of various classes, their readout and transmission to the central computer of the detector was designed and manufactured. The description of the structural solutions used in the design is presented. The results of comparing of the performance of the old and new systems are discussed

Study of Characteristics of the Quasi-spherical Measurement Modules of the Cherenkov Water Calorimeter NEVOD

AbstractThe use of quasi-spherical modules with several PMTs with flat photocathodes in Cherenkov water detectors is discussed. Properties of the response of such modules are examined. The characteristics of the quasi-spherical module with six PMTs that is used in the Cherenkov water calorimeter NEVOD are considered. The results of studying the isotropy of the amplitude response of this module and the quality of reconstruction of light direction with a single module and with a group of modules are demonstrated

Ultra-high energy cosmic ray investigations by means of EAS muon density measurements

A new approach to investigations of ultra-high energy cosmic rays based on the ground-level measurements of the spectra of local density of EAS muons at various zenith angles is considered. Basic features of the local muon density phenomenology are illustrated using a simple semi-analytical model. It is shown that muon density spectra are sensitive to the spectrum slope, primary composition, and to the features of hadronic interaction. New experimental data on muon bundles at zenith angles from 30 degrees to horizon obtained with the coordinate detector DECOR are compared with CORSIKA-based simulations. It is found that measurements of muon density spectra in inclined EAS give possibility to study characteristics of primary cosmic ray flux in a very wide energy range from 10^15 to 10^19 eV.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Presented at CRIS-2006, Catania, Italy, May 29 - June 2, 2006. Accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.

Особенности выделения передних большеберцовых сосудов при формировании костных васкуляризированных трансплантатов

Background. The currently existing techniques for dissection the anterior tibial vascular bundle in the proximal third of the lower leg do not provide sufficient length of the vascular pedicle to rotate the tibial bone graft to the level of the middle third of the thigh. The aim of the study to substantiate the possibility of pedicled transfer to the level of the thigh middle third of two blood-supplied bone autografts on a common permanent pedicle, including the anterior tibial vascular bundle. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on 62 lower limbs of non-fixed (native) corpses. We studied the topographic and anatomical relationship between the anterior tibial vascular bundle and the deep peroneal nerve at the level of the proximal third of the leg. Results. The distance between the tip of the greater trochanter of the femur and the distal edge of the anterior tibial bone graft using a combination of grafts at the same level in men was Me 176.7 [173.7; 193.9] mm, in women Me = 151.6 [146.9; 159.9] mm. An analysis of limb lengths ratios in men and women indicates standard level that can be achieved with graft rotation in each person. Conclusion. Dissection of the anterior tibial vascular bundle at the level of the proximal third of the lower leg allows rotation of the complex of the anterior tibial bone autograft and the autograft of the second metatarsal bone into the area of the middle third of the femur on a single vascular bundle. Prevention of injury to the deep peroneal nerve branches during dissection of the vascular pedicle requires the use of microsurgical techniques and preoperative preparation.Актуальность. Существующие в настоящее время методики выделения переднего большеберцового сосудистого пучка (ПББСП) в проксимальной трети голени не обеспечивают достаточной длины сосудистой ножки для ротации костного трансплантата большеберцовой кости до уровня средней трети бедра. Цель исследования обосновать возможность выполнения операций несвободной пересадки на уровень средней трети бедра двух кровоснабжаемых костных аутотрансплантатов на общей постоянной питающей ножке, включающей ПББСП. Материал и методы. Исследование проведено на 62 нижних конечностях нефиксированных (нативных) трупов людей. Изучали топографо-анатомические взаимоотношения ПББСП и глубокого малоберцового нерва на уровне проксимальной трети голени. Результаты. Расстояние между верхушкой большого вертела бедренной кости и дистальным краем костного переднего большеберцового трансплантата при использовании комбинации трансплантатов на одном уровне составило: у мужчин Ме = 176,7 [173,7; 193,9] мм, у женщин Ме = 151,6 [146,9; 159,9] мм. Анализ соотношений длины конечностей у мужчин и женщин свидетельствует о стандартном уровне, который можно достичь при ротации трансплантатов у каждого человека. Заключение. Выделение ПББСП на уровне проксимальной трети голени позволяет ротировать на едином сосудистом пучке комплекс переднего большеберцового костного аутотрансплантата и аутотрансплантата второй плюсневой кости в зону средней трети бедренной кости. Предотвращение повреждения ветвей глубокого малоберцового нерва в ходе выделения сосудистой ножки требует использования микрохирургической техники и предоперационной подготовки

Electronic Structure and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Some Perovskite Molecular Crystals

It is new study of some molecular crystals with a perovskite structure, whose luminescent, thermochromic, nonlinear optical and dielectric properties provide opportunities for their wide practical application. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the electronic structure and the orbital nature of crystals with the AMX6 formula (where A = Cs, HGu; M = Te, Sb, Ir, Os, Re, W; X = F, Cl, Br). The electronic structure of crystals with Te and Sb atoms was determined by the method of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modeling within the framework of the density functional theory. We identified the molecular orbitals which are responsible for covalent metal-halogen binding. Also we found that the transition from the 3a1g highest occupied molecular orbital to the 4t1u lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which corresponds to the states 1T1u and 3T1u, is responsible for the luminescence of the [MX6] 2– anions

LARGE AREA HODOSCOPES FOR MUON DIAGNOSTICS OF HELIOSPHERE AND EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE

Muon diagnostics is a technique for remote monitoring of active processes in the heliosphere and the magnetosphere of the Earth based on the analysis of angular variations of muon flux simultaneously detected from all directions of the upper hemisphere. To carry out muon diagnostics, special detectors – muon hodoscopes – which can detect muons from any direction with good angular resolution in real-time mode are required. We discuss approaches to data analysis and the results of studies of various extra-terrestrial processes detected by means of the wide aperture URAGAN muon hodoscope

Multimodal Optical Coherence Tomography in Visualization of Brain Tissue Structure at Glioblastoma (Experimental Study)

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New technique and results of cosmic ray investigations in the energy interval 1015–1019 eV

New technique of EAS investigations based on the measurements of local muon density spectra (LMDS) is developed. Application of this method to investigations of inclined EAS allows exploration of CR energy interval from 10 15 to 10 19 eV by means of a relatively small detector with area ∼100m 2 due to very strong dependence of EAS muon density on zenith angle. During 2002-2007, long-term NEVOD- DECOR experiment (about 20,000h live time) was conducted, and more than two million muon bundles in zenith angle interval 30-88 degrees were registered. Comparison of experimental data with results of CORSIKA-based simulations showed that the new method is sensitive to all main peculiarities of CR energy spectrum: the knee, increase of the energy spectrum slope with energy, the second knee. But the observed progressive excess of muon bundles with the increase of primary CR energy in comparison with simulations (even for pure iron composition) can indicate the appearance of new processes of muon generation. In this case, for correct investigations of EAS, the experimental arrays must be supplemented by detectors which can measure or evaluate the energy of muons

Network development in biological gels: role in lymphatic vessel development

In this paper, we present a model that explains the prepatterning of lymphatic vessel morphology in collagen gels. This model is derived using the theory of two phase rubber material due to Flory and coworkers and it consists of two coupled fourth order partial differential equations describing the evolution of the collagen volume fraction, and the evolution of the proton concentration in a collagen implant; as described in experiments of Boardman and Swartz (Circ. Res. 92, 801–808, 2003). Using linear stability analysis, we find that above a critical level of proton concentration, spatial patterns form due to small perturbations in the initially uniform steady state. Using a long wavelength reduction, we can reduce the two coupled partial differential equations to one fourth order equation that is very similar to the Cahn–Hilliard equation; however, it has more complex nonlinearities and degeneracies. We present the results of numerical simulations and discuss the biological implications of our model

The Lake Baikal neutrino experiment

We rewiew the present status of the Baikal Neutrino Project and present the results of a search for high energy neutrinos with the detector intermediate stage NT-96.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of Sixth International Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP99), September 6-10, 1999, Pais, Franc