Desarrollo de la Teoría de Relaciones Internacionales en China

El siguiente artículo pretende analizar el desarrollo de la Teoría de Relaciones Internacionales (TRI) en China desde 1978. Basado en información recopilada de cinco importantes revistas de Relaciones Internacionales publicadas en China, así como varios clásicos occidentales traducidos e importantes obras de TRI escritas por especialistas chinos, el artículo concluye que en los últimos treinta años han intervenido en China dos procesos paralelos. Uno de ellos es un tenaz proceso de aprendizaje destinado a la adquisición y producción de conocimiento. Se trata principalmente de un proceso de aprendizaje desde occidente, en especial Estados Unidos, a través del cual las Relaciones Internacionales se han desarrollado como una disciplina académica independiente en China. La resultante competición triangular por imponerse, protagonizada por las tres escuelas de TRI importadas, esto es, realismo, liberalismo y constructivismo, coincide con los debates internos sobre el ascenso de China y su integración en la comunidad internacional. El segundo consiste en un proceso de desarrollar una escuela china de TRI. Insatisfechos con la preponderancia del discurso teórico occidental en el contexto chino, los académicos en China han intentado recuperar el pensamiento chino y establecer una perspectiva de TRI claramente china

Relationality and rationality in Confucian and Western traditions of thought

This paper provides a theoretical sketch of relationality within the field of International Relations (IR). It argues, contrary to what many IR scholars hold, that representation is practice: academic representation reflects the background of a community of practice and highlights what is embodied therein. Therefore, different cultural communities have different practices and draw from different background knowledge. Rationality, which serves as the dominant foundation for background knowledge within many Western communities of practice, permeates mainstream IR theory. Relationality performs a similar role in traditionally Confucian communities of practice, where relations enjoy a distinct ontological status over individual rationality. A relational theory assumes (1) that self-existence coincides with other-existence and coexistence, and (2) that self-interest coincides with other-interest. Based on these assumptions, it argues that relations select, meaning that in a social situation actors base their action on relations in the first place and that rationality is and can only be defined in terms of relations. The article uses the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as an example to elaborate its theoretical point

SEKOLAH SEPAKBOLA USIA MUDA DI BANDA ACEH

Sepakbola merupakan olahraga yang sangat populer dan digemari di dunia, begitu juga di Indonesia. Tak heran jika hampir semua negara di dunia berlomba-lomba menggalang prestasi membanggakan di cabang olahraga ini. Indonesia belum mampu meraih prestasi yang membanggakan di cabang olahraga sepakbola, bahkan Indonesia sulit bersaing di kancah Internasional. Klub-klub sepakbola Aceh juga tidak dapat berbuat banyak di kompetisi internal, sedangkan Aceh merupakan salah satu provinsi yang banyak memunculkan pemain muda berbakat.Kualitas persepakbolaan di Indonesia yang rendah dan minim prestasi ini dikarenakan kurang pembinaan dan pelatihan pemain mulai dari usia dini untuk didik menjadi pemain profesional. Sarana pelatihan yang ada di Indonesia belum serius ke arah profesional seperti akademi sepakbola di Eropa. Di negara-negara maju dalam sepakbola, prestasi tim nasional pada umumnya dilatarbelakangi oleh sistem dan proses pembinaan klub yang sudah mapan.Sekolah sepakbola usia muda di Banda Aceh merupakan sebuah sarana pelatihan dan pembinaan sepakbola pemain usia dini di Banda Aceh. Pemain tersebut akan dididik, dilatih dan dibina sejak dini sebagai usaha pembibitan pemain sepakbola Aceh yang potensial. Sekolah sepakbola ini berlokasi di Lhong Raya, sesuai dengan rencana pengembangan kawasan pusat olahraga di Banda Aceh. Dengan mengusung tema arsitektur metafora, diharapkan bangunan sekolah sepakbola ini dapat menjadi objek arsitektur yang melekat di masyarakat.Tahap awal dalam proses perancangan Sekolah Sepakbola Usia Muda di Banda Aceh ini adalah studi literatur data dan studi banding. Selanjutnya permasalahan yang ada diidentifikasi dan dianalisis sesuai dengan batasan perancangan. Dalam lingkup batasan tema arsitektur metafora dan kondisi iklim setempat selanjutnya melahirkan konsep perancangan sesuai dengan hasil analisis.Kata kunci: olahraga, sekolah, sepakbolaBanda Ace

Brain-specific Crmp2 deletion leads to neuronal development deficits and behavioural impairments in mice

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by grants from NSF (31430037/31271156/ 31270826) and MOST (2014CB942801/2012CB517904/2012YQ03026006) to Z.X.; from NIH (NS048271, MH105128) to G.-l.M., from NIH (NS047344) to H.S., and from NRASAD to E.K. and K.M.C. Author notes: Hongsheng Zhang, Eunchai Kang and Yaqing Wang: These authors contributed equally to this work.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Relating self and other in Chinese and Western thought

Recent debates in International Relations seek to decolonise the discipline by focusing on relationality between self and other. This article examines the possibilities for preserving a particular type of otherness: ‘radical otherness’ or ‘alterity’. Such otherness can provide a bulwark against domination and colonialism: there is always something truly other which cannot be assimilated. However, two problems arise. First, if otherness is truly inaccessible, how can self relate to it? Does otherness undermine relationality? Second, can we talk about otherness without making it the same? Is the very naming of otherness a new form of domination? This article draws out and explores the possibilities for radical otherness in Sinophone and Anglophone relational theorising. It addresses the difficulties presented by the need for a sense of radical otherness on the one hand, and the seeming impossibility of either detecting it, or relating to it, on the other. By constructing a typology of four accounts of otherness, it finds that the identification and preservation of radical otherness poses significant problems for relationality. Radical otherness makes relationality between self and other impossible, but without radical otherness there is a danger of domination and assimilation. This is common to both Sinophone and Anglophone endeavours

Social Movements and International Relations: A Relational Framework

Social movements are increasingly recognized as significant features of contemporary world politics, yet to date their treatment in international relations theory has tended to obfuscate the considerable diversity of these social formations, and the variegated interactions they may establish with state actors and different structures of world order. Highlighting the difficulties conventional liberal and critical approaches have in transcending conceptions of movements as moral entities, the article draws from two under-exploited literatures in the study of social movements in international relations, the English School and Social Systems Theory, to specify a wider range of analytical interactions between different categories of social movements and of world political structures. Moreover, by casting social movement phenomena as communications, the article opens international relations to consideration of the increasingly diverse trajectories and second-order effects produced by social movements as they interact with states, intergovernmental institutions, and transnational actors

Culture and global thought: Chinese international theory in the making

In this article, the author examines the study of international relations in China, a discipline that has proliferated as the country has opened up to the rest of the world. He examines the three main trends of international thought that have become most widespread: the first, which the author calls the obverse approach, situates Chinese thought as the theoretical basis for considering a genuine worldism, thanks to traditional concepts such as Tianxia and Confucian family bonds. Secondly, there is the reverse approach, which applies Western theoretical paradigms to the concept of power in ancient Chinese thinkers; this is a theory that emphasises the hierarchy of the international system and seeks international Chinese dominance. Finally, the third is more interactive, and which constructs an intercultural, thoughtful and critical dialogue, at the same time as applying autochthonous conceptual frameworks such as Confucian relationism, and foreign ones, such as rationalism