La peche continentale au lac de Songori (region du Gontougo; Nord-Est de la Cote D'Ivoire): Facteurs de production et niveau d'exploitation halieutique

RESUMEL’étude de l’activité de pêche au lac de Songori (environ 1,5 km²) dans la région du Gontougo (Nord- Est de la Côte d’Ivoire) s’est déroulée de janvier 2013 à décembre 2014. Elle montre que la pêche est essentiellement pratiquée par des ivoiriens (100 %) avec une absence de pêcheurs professionnels. Ces acteurs sont majoritairement des pêcheurs-agriculteurs (80 %) et considèrent la pêche comme une activité secondaire. Ils utilisent généralement les filets maillants (89,66 %) comme engins de pêche. Des pirogues monoxyles (83,33 %) constituent les embarcations les plus couramment utilisées. L’effort de pêche est autour de 2,7 pêcheurs/km². Les captures comprennent des espèces économiquement importantes avec une prédominance de Oreochromis niloticus (68,10 % à 78,89 % de la biomasse annuelle). La production annuelle est comprise entre 13,33 et 13,51 t soit entre 88,9 et 90,1 kg/ha/an. Elle reste inférieure aux captures potentielles (entre 100 et 750 kg/ha/an) indiquées par la FAO pour ces plans d’eau ; ce qui montre qu’il peut exister une marge pour augmenter la biomasse exploitée. Toutefois, le manque de professionnalisme des pêcheurs, la vétusté des engins de pêche et l’occupation du tiers (environ) du volume d’eau exploitable par des plantes aquatiques constituent une entrave majeure au développement de cette activité. ABSTRACTINLAND FISHING AT LAKE SONGORI (GONTOUGO REGION; NORTH-EAST OF THE IVORY COAST): FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND LEVEL OF FISHING EXPLOITATIONThe study of fishing activity on Lake Songori (about 1.5 km²) in the area of Gontougo (north-east of Ivory Coast) took place from January 2013 to December 2014. It shows that fishing is mainly practiced by Ivorians (100%) with no professional fishermen. These actors are mainly fishermen-farmers (91.67%) and consider fishing as a secondary activity. They generally use gillnets (89.66%) as fishing gear. Monoxyls canoes (83.33%) are the most commonly used boats. The fishing effort is around 2.7 fishermen / km². Catches include economically important species with a predominance of Oreochromis niloticus (68.10% to 78.89% of the annual biomass). The annual production is between 13,33 and 13,51 t or between 88.9 and 90.1 kg / ha / year. It remains lower the potential catches (between 100 and 750 kg / ha / year) reported by FAO for these water bodies; which shows that there may be a margin to increase the exploited biomass. However, the lack of professionalism of fishermen, the obsolescence of fishing gear and the occupation of about one-third of the volume of water exploitable by aquatic plants constitute a major obstacle to the development of this activity

Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Five Medicinal Plants on the in vitro Growth of a Multi-resistant Strain of Candida Albicans

This study was conducted to determine the antifungal potential of plants traditionally used in the treatment of infections. Five (5) plants were collected. The anti-candida albicans activity was evaluated by the double dilution method in tilted tubes with the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of the different plants. The results showed that the 70% ethanolic extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts for all plants. The 70% ethanolic extract of T. ivorensis (FMC = 1.56 mg/ml) was the most active on the tested strain. It was followed by T. superba (MFC = 3.125 mg/ml) D. benthamianus (MFC = 50 mg/mL), G. arborea (MFC= 50 mg/mL) and J. secunda (MFC ˃ 50 mg/mL). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of seven major groups of compounds, among which saponins and catechins are the most abundant in the aqueous extracts. Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Polyterpenes and Sterols as well as Tannins are equally present in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the different plants at variable levels. These compounds could justify its activity and its traditional use

Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Five Medicinal Plants on the in vitro Growth of a Multi-resistant Strain of Candida Albicans

This study was conducted to determine the antifungal potential of plants traditionally used in the treatment of infections. Five (5) plants were collected. The anti-candida albicans activity was evaluated by the double dilution method in tilted tubes with the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of the different plants. The results showed that the 70% ethanolic extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts for all plants. The 70% ethanolic extract of T. ivorensis (FMC = 1.56 mg/ml) was the most active on the tested strain. It was followed by T. superba (MFC = 3.125 mg/ml) D. benthamianus (MFC = 50 mg/mL), G. arborea (MFC= 50 mg/mL) and J. secunda (MFC ˃ 50 mg/mL). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of seven major groups of compounds, among which saponins and catechins are the most abundant in the aqueous extracts. Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Polyterpenes and Sterols as well as Tannins are equally present in the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the different plants at variable levels. These compounds could justify its activity and its traditional use

Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Five Medicinal Plants on the In vitro Growth of a Multi-resistant Strain of Candida albicans

This paper focuses on determining the antifungal potential of plants traditionally used to treat infections. Five (5) plants were collected. The anti-Candida albicans activity was evaluated by the double dilution method in tilted tubes with the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of the different plants. The results showed that 70% ethanolic extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts for all the plants. The 70% ethanolic extract of Terminalia ivorensis (MFC = 1.56 mg/mL) was the most active on the tested strain. This was followed by Terminalia Superba (MFC = 3.125 mg/mL), Distemonanthus benthamianus (MFC = 50 mg/mL), Gmelina arborea (MFC= 50 mg/mL), and Justicia secunda (MFC ˃ 50 mg/mL). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of seven (7) major groups of compounds. Saponosides are present only in the aqueous extracts of plants. Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Polyterpenes, and Sterols as well as Tanins are present in both alcoholic and aqueous extracts. These compounds could justify its activity and its traditional use. The interesting results obtained with the hydroethanolic extract of Terminalia ivorensis incite further research with this extract. A bio-guided study on the fractions from this extract could lead to the discovery of one or more molecules of interest in the fight against pathogenic fungi

Isolation and Screening of Lactobacillus Plantarum Strains with Potential Probiotic Aptitudes from Neglected Edible Vegetable and Fruits of Côte D’Ivoire

Background: Lactofermentation by probiotics would help valorize ENUS (edible neglected and underutilized species). Probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered as vectors of molecules of nutrition-health interest. This study has isolated and screened Lactobacillus plantarum strains with potential probiotic aptitudes from neglected edible vegetableand fruits of Côte D’ivoire.Methods: Three L. plantarum strains (Pa6, A6, and Pe3) isolated from Ivorian ENUS (passion fruit, garlic and parsley) were isolated and screened for potential probiotic aptitudes from neglected edible vegetable and fruits of Côte D’ivoire.Results: The screening of three strains revealed that they presented interesting probiotic potentialities (hydrophobicity values higher than 65% and pH=2, 0.3% bile salt, antibiotic and intestinal microbial pathogens resistances, respectively). They also presented antioxidant (14.51±0.39-39.48±0.88%), anti-inflammatory (8.88±00.00% 78.61%±00.00%) and exopolysaccharide aptitudes, respectively. They synthetized degradinganti-nutritional- factor enzymes (phytase and tannase) and cell-walldegrading enzymes (amylase and cellulase). They fermented the indigestible sugar raffinose, survived at 6.5% NaCl for Pa6 and Pe3, pH=9 and 45°C for Pe3.Conclusion: These strains with such interesting technological properties would be suitable for industry in general, and particularly as starters for the controlled fermentation of Ivorian ENUS

Biochemical characterization of juices from three wild fruit species consumed in Côte d’Ivoire "Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa and Tamarindus indica"

In the context of the valorization and the development of local products in Côte d’Ivoire, this study is based on juices samples prepared from the pulp of wild fruits of Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Néré (Parkia biglobosa). The physiochemical characteristics such as dry matter (desiccation, 105°C), mineral (spectrophotometer), ash, fat, fiber and protein (AOAC), Energy (coefficients), vitamins A & C (HPLC), organic acids & total polyphenols (HPLC), carbohydrate (by difference), pH and titratable acidity (titrimetry, NaOH) of pasteurized juices (75°C, 5 min) were investigated. Data showed that the juices have been characterized by low protein (0.21-0.28 %), fat (0.26-0.65 %) and ash (0.20-0.47 %) content and high level of total carbohydrates (21-30 %) and energy (85.83-124.43 Kcal/100mL). Baobab and Tomi juices were distinguished by their high acidity (103-159 meq.g / Kg) while Baobab and Néré juices were characterized by their average fiber content (4-5.30 %). The juices of Baobab, Tomi and Néré are very rich in some minerals (K and Mg) but calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) are not bioavailable (Oxales/Ca and Oxalates/Fe > 2). The juice of baobab is rich in vit A (80 mg/100mL) and vit C (189 mg/100mL) than the others juices. Catechin was the most phenolic content (52.29-110.32 mg/100mL) where tartric acid was the most organic acid (4.02-6.82 mg/100mL) in the juices. The knowledge of the nutritional value of these juices could contribute to a better understanding of the essential role of these three wild fruits in terms of food and trade

A Trial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculosis is high. We conducted a trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design to assess the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), or both among HIV-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts in Ivory Coast. METHODS: We included participants who had HIV type 1 infection and a CD4+ count of less than 800 cells per cubic millimeter and who met no criteria for starting ART according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: deferred ART (ART initiation according to WHO criteria), deferred ART plus IPT, early ART (immediate ART initiation), or early ART plus IPT. The primary end point was a composite of diseases included in the case definition of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS-defining cancer, non-AIDS-defining invasive bacterial disease, or death from any cause at 30 months. We used Cox proportional models to compare outcomes between the deferred-ART and early-ART strategies and between the IPT and no-IPT strategies. RESULTS: A total of 2056 patients (41% with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter) were followed for 4757 patient-years. A total of 204 primary end-point events were observed (3.8 events per 100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3 to 4.4), including 68 in patients with a baseline CD4+ count of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter (3.2 events per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0). Tuberculosis and invasive bacterial diseases accounted for 42% and 27% of primary end-point events, respectively. The risk of death or severe HIV-related illness was lower with early ART than with deferred ART (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.76; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.94) and lower with IPT than with no IPT (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.88; adjusted hazard ratio among patients with a baseline CD4+ count of ≥500 cells per cubic millimeter, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.01). The 30-month probability of grade 3 or 4 adverse events did not differ significantly among the strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In this African country, immediate ART and 6 months of IPT independently led to lower rates of severe illness than did deferred ART and no IPT, both overall and among patients with CD4+ counts of at least 500 cells per cubic millimeter. (Funded by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis; TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00495651.)

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial.

BACKGROUND: Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. METHODS: For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. FINDINGS: Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3-5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9-5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1-9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39-0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. INTERPRETATION: In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART. FUNDING: National Research Agency on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS)

Nutritional and antioxidant potential of spontaneous edible plants and of vegetables and legumes grown in Ivory Coast

Cette étude a contribué à la valorisation de certains aliments locaux d'origine végétale qui entrent dans les habitudes alimentaires des populations de Côte d'Ivoire par la détermination du contenu en substances antioxydantes et nutritives de ces plantes, légumes et céréales afin que, avec conscience, tout consommateur tienne compte de leur importance. In particulier, on a conduit une étude sur quelques produits locaux de la Côte d'Ivoire: Ricinodendron heudelotii, Vigna subterranea, Solanum indicum, Sorghum Guinea-bicolor, Pennisetum glaucum et Digitaria exilis. Tout le matériel biologique qui a fait l'objet de cette étude a montré une valeur nutritionnelle appréciable. En particulier, les deux légumes analysés (Ricinodendron heudelotii, Vigna subterranean) ont montré qu'ils constituent une excellente source de macro et micronutriments et composés antioxydants. Alors que le Ricinodendron heudelotii, particulièrement riche en matière grasse à plus de 56%, pourrait faire l'objet d'une étude spécifique et plus approfondie portant sur l'extraction de l'huile et sa caractérisation pour mieux en apprécier la valeur nutritionnelle. La Vigna subterranean, avec un taux d'amidon de plus de 52%, peut être considéré comme un aliment amylacé et à ce titre pourrait faire l'objet d'une exploitation industrielle. En outre, ces légumes sont aussi une bonne source de composés antioxydants en particulier les polyphénols. Les analyses effectuées sur le Solanum indicum ont montré que le contenu en vitamine C décroît avec la maturation et celui du lycopène et β-carotène croît avec la maturation, cela donne une information capitale sur les périodes idéales de consommation du fruit. En considération du contenu élevé de substances antioxydantes, cet aliment surtout s'il est consommé à maturation complète, pourrait donc être utile pour améliorer l'état antioxydant des populations de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Il reste cependant à étudier l'effet que la cuisson a sur la composition en antioxydants de cet aliment. Les trois céréales (sorgho, mil et fonio), de par leur composition biochimique et surtout grâce à leur contenu en substances antioxydantes, ils sont à considérer comme d'excellents ingrédients à utiliser pour préparer de repas. La caractérisation phénolique de ces céréales a montré qu'ils sont riches en composés phénoliques mais que malheureusement une partie se perd au cours de la cuisson. Il serait donc intéressant de pouvoir, comme dans le cas des légumes analysés, étudier de nouvelles techniques de cuisson qui puisse en préserver le contenu. En conclusion, la consommation de céréales (sorgho, mil et fonio) principalement consommées dans le Nord, le pois de terre au Centre-Nord et Ouest, akpi et gnagnan au Centre-Sud, est à encourager sur toute l'étendue du territoire ivoirien. Si hier nous consommions ces aliments par simple habitude alimentaire, aujourd'hui, conscients de leur composition et des bienfaits qu’ils peuvent nous apporter, nous devrions les intégrer davantage dans notre alimentation quotidienne

La pisciculture continentale dans la région du Gontougo (Côte d'Ivoire): Caractérisation et aspects socio-économiques

Continental Fish Farming in the Gontougo Area (Ivory Coast): Characterization and Socio-economic Aspects. This study aims at identifying the current state of fish farming in the area of Gontougo. It was carried out from May to September 2013 using a questionnaire and individual interview with fish farmers. The results showed that all producers practiced artisanal fish farming and this activity played an important socio-economic role. Fish farming is exclusively carried out by local people belonging mainly to the Abron ethnic group (77.8%). This activity is mainly practiced by people aged 45 years and over (77.8%). It was observed that 41.7% of the ponds are in derivation while 58.3% are barrage ponds. Oreochromis niloticus Linné, 1758 and Heterobranchus longifilis Valenciennes, 1840 are the most reared fish species. The total fish production in 2012 was estimated to 3,552.5 kg in 68 ponds. The produced quantities vary from a fish farmer to another, with an average production of 592.1±635.9 kg/fish farmer/year. All fish farmers (100%) feed the fish with agricultural by-products. They have difficulties to feed them properly. They didn't receive funding, coaching and training. Some fish farmers (33.3%) faced water problem. All these factors are an obstacle to sustainable management of fish farming in this area