Vocalizaciones del ñandú común Rhea americana (Aves: Rheidae) en Argentina

Las especies, altamente sociales poseen un sistema complejo de comunicación vocal (Martella y Bucher 1990). Las vocalizaciones de los ñandúes muy pocas veces han sido citadas en la literatura; se sabe, que son semejantes a mugidos de ganado vacuno, que coinciden o preceden a la formación de harenes y que pueden ser escuchadas a gran distancia.Las especies, altamente sociales poseen un sistema complejo de comunicación vocal (Martella y Bucher 1990). Las vocalizaciones de los ñandúes muy pocas veces han sido citadas .en la literatura; se sabe, que son semejantes a mugidos de ganado vacuno, que coinciden o preceden a la formación de harenes y que pueden ser escuchadas a gran distanci

Evaluation of the Paraguayan System of Protected Areas After 24 Years of Its Implementation

[Introduction]:The National System of Wild Protected Areas of Paraguay (SINASIP) was created by Law 352 in 1994 to bring order to the country's protected areas. Since 1954, a total of 102 protected areas have been created. The category with the greatest quantity of protected areas is "Nature Reserve," quadruple the number of National Parks and Natural Monuments. The measurement of the success of SINASIP was initially presented in a simplistic way, based on periods of surface expansion, including the objectionable Biosphere Reserves. [Objective]: This study evaluated the SINASIP in relation to the national coverage, the management categories, and a simple analysis of implementation levels. [Methodology]: The legal bodies of creation, modification, or derogation of each protected area were analyzed. [Results]:The patterns found in relation to the increase or decrease in the surface area of the system and its causes were discussed, and strong deficiencies were found in the creation process. The decrease in terms of the system's surface area is associated with a lack of adequate management, political causes, and land claims. There is a tendency in changing areas from strict conservation categories to less restrictive categories, totaling some 420,326 hectares. The average level of implementation in terms of the five criteria does not reach 50%. There are at least 13 wild protected areas and two categories without implementation; a further five other categories have less than 30% implementation. [Conclusions]: Urgent attention and an appropriate administration are required, especially in terms of restructuring and implementing successful models with multisectoral and participatory management.O Sistema de Áreas Protegidas do Paraguai foi criado pela Lei 352 em 1994 para colocar em ordem o sistema do país. Desde 1954 foram criadas no total 102 áreas protegidas. A categoria com maior quantidade é a “Reserva Natural” que quadruplica os Parques Nacionais e Monumentos Naturais. A medida do sucesso do SINASIP foi apresentada historicamente de uma forma simplista, com base nos períodos de expansão em superfície. Este estudo avaliou a cobertura nacional do SINASIP de áreas protegidas, as categorias de manejo e uma análise simples do nível de implementação. Foram analisados os órgãos legais de criação, a modificação de derrogação de cada área protegida, como também os padrões encontrados com relação ao crescimento ou decrescimento do sistema em superfície e suas causas. Os resultados indicam fortes deficiências no processo de criação. Foram identificados problemas traduzidos em perdas de superfícies de área protegida, redução de categoria de manejo e a perda de dez áreas protegidas. As maiores causas do decrescimento do sistema em termos de superfície estão associadas à falta de uma gestão adequada, causas políticas e reivindicações de terras. Existe uma preocupante tendência de trocar áreas de categorias de conservação estrita a categorias de menor restrição alcançando os 420.326 hectares. O nível médio de implementação com relação aos 5 critérios não chega a 50%. Existem ao menos 13 ASP e duas categorias sem implementação. Tais problemas precisam de uma urgente atenção e de uma adequada reestruturação de natureza administrativa.[Introducción]: El sistema de Áreas Protegidas del Paraguay fue creado por la Ley 352 en 1994 para poner orden el sistema del país.  Desde 1954 se crearon un total de 102 áreas protegidas. La categoría con mayor cantidad es la “Reserva Natural” que cuadruplica a los Parques Nacionales y Monumentos Naturales. La medición del éxito del SINASIP fue presentada históricamente de una forma simplista, en base a los periodos de expansión en superficie. [Objetivo]: Este estudio evaluó la cobertura nacional del SINASIP de áreas protegidas, las categorías de manejo y un análisis simple de nivel de implementación. [Metodología]:Se analizaron los órganos legales de creación, modificación o de derogación de cada área protegida, como también los patrones encontrados en relación con crecimiento o decrecimiento del sistema en superficie y sus causas. [Resultados]: Los resultados señalan fuertes deficiencias en el proceso de creación. Se identificaron problemas traducidos en pérdidas de superficies de área protegida, reducción de categoría de manejo y la pérdida de diez áreas protegidas. Las mayores causas del decrecimiento del sistema en términos de superficie están asociadas a la falta de una gestión adecuada, causas políticas y reclamos de tierras. Existe una preocupante tendencia de cambiar áreas de categorías de conservación estricta a categorías de menor restricción alcanzando las 420 326 hectáreas.  El nivel promedio de implementación en relación con los 5 criterios no llega al 50 %.  Existen al menos 13 ASP y dos categorías sin implementación. [Conclusiones]: Estos problemas requieren de una urgente atención y de una adecuada reestructuración de índole administrativa

Uma avaliação dos 24 anos de implementação do Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas do Paraguai

[Introduction]:The National System of Wild Protected Areas of Paraguay (SINASIP) was created by Law 352 in 1994 to bring order to the country's protected areas. Since 1954, a total of 102 protected areas have been created. The category with the greatest quantity of protected areas is "Nature Reserve," quadruple the number of National Parks and Natural Monuments. The measurement of the success of SINASIP was initially presented in a simplistic way, based on periods of surface expansion, including the objectionable Biosphere Reserves. [Objective]: This study evaluated the SINASIP in relation to the national coverage, the management categories, and a simple analysis of implementation levels. [Methodology]: The legal bodies of creation, modification, or derogation of each protected area were analyzed. [Results]:The patterns found in relation to the increase or decrease in the surface area of the system and its causes were discussed, and strong deficiencies were found in the creation process. The decrease in terms of the system's surface area is associated with a lack of adequate management, political causes, and land claims. There is a tendency in changing areas from strict conservation categories to less restrictive categories, totaling some 420,326 hectares. The average level of implementation in terms of the five criteria does not reach 50%. There are at least 13 wild protected areas and two categories without implementation; a further five other categories have less than 30% implementation. [Conclusions]: Urgent attention and an appropriate administration are required, especially in terms of restructuring and implementing successful models with multisectoral and participatory management.[Introducción]: El sistema de Áreas Protegidas del Paraguay fue creado por la Ley 352 en 1994 para poner orden el sistema del país.  Desde 1954 se crearon un total de 102 áreas protegidas. La categoría con mayor cantidad es la “Reserva Natural” que cuadruplica a los Parques Nacionales y Monumentos Naturales. La medición del éxito del SINASIP fue presentada históricamente de una forma simplista, en base a los periodos de expansión en superficie. [Objetivo]: Este estudio evaluó la cobertura nacional del SINASIP de áreas protegidas, las categorías de manejo y un análisis simple de nivel de implementación. [Metodología]:Se analizaron los órganos legales de creación, modificación o de derogación de cada área protegida, como también los patrones encontrados en relación con crecimiento o decrecimiento del sistema en superficie y sus causas. [Resultados]: Los resultados señalan fuertes deficiencias en el proceso de creación. Se identificaron problemas traducidos en pérdidas de superficies de área protegida, reducción de categoría de manejo y la pérdida de diez áreas protegidas. Las mayores causas del decrecimiento del sistema en términos de superficie están asociadas a la falta de una gestión adecuada, causas políticas y reclamos de tierras. Existe una preocupante tendencia de cambiar áreas de categorías de conservación estricta a categorías de menor restricción alcanzando las 420 326 hectáreas.  El nivel promedio de implementación en relación con los 5 criterios no llega al 50 %.  Existen al menos 13 ASP y dos categorías sin implementación. [Conclusiones]: Estos problemas requieren de una urgente atención y de una adecuada reestructuración de índole administrativa.O Sistema de Áreas Protegidas do Paraguai foi criado pela Lei 352 em 1994 para colocar em ordem o sistema do país. Desde 1954 foram criadas no total 102 áreas protegidas. A categoria com maior quantidade é a “Reserva Natural” que quadruplica os Parques Nacionais e Monumentos Naturais. A medida do sucesso do SINASIP foi apresentada historicamente de uma forma simplista, com base nos períodos de expansão em superfície. Este estudo avaliou a cobertura nacional do SINASIP de áreas protegidas, as categorias de manejo e uma análise simples do nível de implementação. Foram analisados os órgãos legais de criação, a modificação de derrogação de cada área protegida, como também os padrões encontrados com relação ao crescimento ou decrescimento do sistema em superfície e suas causas. Os resultados indicam fortes deficiências no processo de criação. Foram identificados problemas traduzidos em perdas de superfícies de área protegida, redução de categoria de manejo e a perda de dez áreas protegidas. As maiores causas do decrescimento do sistema em termos de superfície estão associadas à falta de uma gestão adequada, causas políticas e reivindicações de terras. Existe uma preocupante tendência de trocar áreas de categorias de conservação estrita a categorias de menor restrição alcançando os 420.326 hectares. O nível médio de implementação com relação aos 5 critérios não chega a 50%. Existem ao menos 13 ASP e duas categorias sem implementação. Tais problemas precisam de uma urgente atenção e de uma adequada reestruturação de natureza administrativa

Neotropical xenarthrans: a dataset of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics.

International audienceXenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions forecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosys-tem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts withdomestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their fulldistribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths.Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae(3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data onDasypus pilo-sus(Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized,but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In thisdata paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence andquantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is fromthe southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of theNeotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regardinganteaters,Myrmecophaga tridactylahas the most records (n=5,941), andCyclopessp. havethe fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data isDasypus novemcinctus(n=11,588), and the fewest data are recorded forCalyptophractus retusus(n=33). Withregard to sloth species,Bradypus variegatushas the most records (n=962), andBradypus pyg-maeushas the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to makeoccurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly ifwe integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, andNeotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure,habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possiblewith the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data inpublications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are usingthese data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data