The Explosion Development of Chinese Contemporary Art Market from 2000 to 2015

After Chinese Culture Revolution, the brand new chapter was approaching which opened for the modern Chinese art history; Chinese contemporary art has been deepened understanding by the art market. In the context of an emerging market, art is as much a matter of cultural economy as socio-politics. Thus the thesis will focus on the challenges facing the market and how tradition and economics providing the framework for the sustainability of art market. It will present a historical overview of emergence of Chinese contemporary art the period of 2000 to 2015 and expose the unbreakable bind between the development of its contemporary art and government policies, law, and society in China. As one of the most important and largest emerging art markets, what are the key trends in the Chinese art market from 2006 to 2011? This question serves as the main research question that guides throughout this research. To answer this question, research at three levels is unfolded, with regards to the functioning of the Chinese art market, the geographical shift from west to east, and the market performance of contemporary Chinese art. As the most vibrant art category, contemporary Chinese art is chosen as the focal art sector in the empirical part since its transaction cover both the Western and Eastern art market and it really took off at secondary art market since 2006, in line with the booming period of the Chinese art market. This study penetrates through the thriving scene of the Chinese art market, fills part of the gap by presenting an in-depth analysis of its market structure, and depicts the route of development. To explore what the future of Chinese contemporary art from the market point of view and on the challenges facing the market

Dynamic properties of fine liquefiable sand and calcareous sand from resonant column testing

textThe study of the dynamic properties of two specific kinds of granular soils is performed using torsional resonant column testing. The sandy soils are: (1) liquefiable sand from Christchurch, New Zealand, and (2) calcareous sand from Puerto Rico. The effects of isotropic effective confining pressure, shear strain amplitude, void ratio, and total unit weight on the small-strain and nonlinear dynamic properties of both types of sand are presented and discussed. Empirical models from previous studies are examined to determine how well the models fit the test results.Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin

Partial correlation analysis indicates causal relationships between GC-content, exon density and recombination rate in the human genome

{\bf Background}: Several features are known to correlate with the GC-content in the human genome, including recombination rate, gene density and distance to telomere. However, by testing for pairwise correlation only, it is impossible to distinguish direct associations from indirect ones and to distinguish between causes and effects. {\bf Results}: We use partial correlations to construct partially directed graphs for the following four variables: GC-content, recombination rate, exon density and distance-to-telomere. Recombination rate and exon density are unconditionally uncorrelated, but become inversely correlated by conditioning on GC-content. This pattern indicates a model where recombination rate and exon density are two independent causes of GC-content variation. {\bf Conclusions}: Causal inference and graphical models are useful methods to understand genome evolution and the mechanisms of isochore evolution in the human genome

The spatiotemporal response of soil moisture to precipitation and temperature changes in an arid region, China

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and climate system. The reliable estimation of soil moisture in space and time is important to monitor and even predict hydrological and meteorological disasters. Here we studied the spatiotemporal variations of soil moisture and explored the effects of precipitation and temperature on soil moisture in different land cover types within the Tarim River Basin from 2001 to 2015, based on high-spatial-resolution soil moisture data downscaled from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) soil moisture data. The results show that the spatial average soil moisture increased slightly from 2001 to 2015, and the soil moisture variation in summer contributed most to regional soil moisture change. For the land cover, the highest soil moisture occurred in the forest and the lowest value was found in bare land, and soil moisture showed significant increasing trends in grassland and bare land during 2001 similar to 2015. Both partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis demonstrate that in the study area precipitation had positive effects on soil moisture, while temperature had negative effects, and precipitation made greater contributions to soil moisture variations than temperature. The results of this study can be used for decision making for water management and allocation

Accelerations of large inertial particles in turbulence

Understanding the dynamics of material objects advected by turbulent flows is a long standing question in fluid dynamics. In this perspective article we focus on the characterization of the statistical properties of non-interacting finite-sized massive spherical particles advected by a vigorous turbulent flow. We study the fluctuations and temporal correlations of particle accelerations and explore their behaviours with respect to both the particle size and the particle mass density by means of fully-resolved numerical simulations. We observe that the measured trends can not be interpreted as the simple multiplicative combination of the two dominant effects: the spatial filtering of fluid accelerations and the added-mass-adjusted fluid-to-particle density ratio. We argue that other hydrodynamical forces or effects (e.g. preferential flow sampling) have still a significant role even at the largest particle sizes, which are here of the order of the integral scale of turbulence.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure