Dynamical Models of Biology and Medicine

Mathematical and computational modeling approaches in biological and medical research are experiencing rapid growth globally. This Special Issue Book intends to scratch the surface of this exciting phenomenon. The subject areas covered involve general mathematical methods and their applications in biology and medicine, with an emphasis on work related to mathematical and computational modeling of the complex dynamics observed in biological and medical research. Fourteen rigorously reviewed papers were included in this Special Issue. These papers cover several timely topics relating to classical population biology, fundamental biology, and modern medicine. While the authors of these papers dealt with very different modeling questions, they were all motivated by specific applications in biology and medicine and employed innovative mathematical and computational methods to study the complex dynamics of their models. We hope that these papers detail case studies that will inspire many additional mathematical modeling efforts in biology and medicin

Numerical simulation of cross-hole deburring by abrasive flow in a three-way hole

The SST k-ω method is used to numerically simulate the effect of the inlet pressure and processing method on the machining of a three-way hole, revealing the effect of dynamic pressure and wall shear on the machining of the grain flow with different processing parameters. The simulation results show that increasing the inlet pressure and choosing a suitable processing method can improve the processing effect of abrasive flow processing

Numerical simulation of herringbone gear abrasive flow machining

The Eulerian-Eulerian method is used to numerically simulate herringbone teeth using the precision machining technique of abrasive flow. The effects of inlet velocity and abrasive concentration factors on abrasive flow machining are investigated separately for numerical analysis to reveal the effects of dynamic pressure and wall shear on abrasive flow machining under different machining parameters. The simulation results show that increasing the inlet velocity can improve the processing efficiency and the processing effect of abrasive flow processing. Increasing the abrasive concentration increases the processing cost and predicts a weakening of the abrasive flow, allowing for the use of lower concentrations of abrasive flow for actual processing

Optical ridge waveguides in 4H-SiC single crystal produced by combination of carbon ion irradiation and femtosecond laser ablation

Optical ridge waveguides were fabricated in 4H-SiC single crystal by combination of 15 MeV C5+ ion irradiation and femtosecond laser ablation. The near-field modal intensity distributions exhibit the well-confined light propagation in the waveguides. A propagation loss as low as 5.1 dB/cm has been achieved at 632.8 nm for the ridge waveguide. The investigation of confocal micro-Raman spectra suggests partial transition of 4H-SiC to 6H-SiC in the irradiated regionThe work was carried out under the support by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1332121) and the 973 Project (No. 2010CB832906) of China. The work was also supported by the Helmholz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF-VH-NG-713) and Junta de Castilla y León (Project SA086A12-2)

Receptor–ligand pair typing and prognostic risk model of response or resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma

IntroductionCurrently, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-targeted treatment is ineffective for a sizable minority of patients, and drug resistance still cannot be overcome.MethodsTo explore the mechanisms of immunotherapy and identify new therapeutic opportunities in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), data from patients who did and did not respond to the anti-PD-1 treatment were evaluated using single-cell RNA sequencing, and bulk RNA sequencing were collected.ResultsWe investigated the gene expression that respond or not respond to immunotherapy in diverse cell types and revealed transcriptional characteristics at the single-cell level. To ultimately explore the molecular response or resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy, cell-cell interactions were carried out to identify the different LRIs (ligand-receptor interactions) between untreated patients vs. no-responders, untreated patients vs. responders, and responders vs. non-responders. Next, two molecular subgroups were proposed based on 73 LRI genes, and subtype 1 had a poor survival status and was likely to be the immunosuppressive tumor subtype. Furthermore, based on the LASSO Cox regression analysis results, we found that TNFSF13, AXL, KLRK1, FAS, PROS1, and CDH1 can be distinct prognostic biomarkers, immune infiltration levels, and responses to immunotherapy in LUAD.DiscussionAltogether, the effects of immunotherapy were connected to LRIs scores, indicating that potential medications targeting these LRIs could contribute to the clinical benefit of immunotherapy. Our integrative omics analysis revealed the mechanisms underlying the anti-PD-1 therapy response and offered abundant clues for potential strategies to improve precise diagnosis and immunotherapy

Optical ridge waveguides in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass produced by ion irradiation combined with femtosecond laser ablation for guided-wave green and red upconversion emissions

This work reports on the fabrication of ridge waveguides in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass by the combination of femtosecond laser ablation and following swift carbon ion irradiation. The guiding properties of waveguides have been investigated at 633 and 1064 nm through end face coupling arrangement. The refractive index profile on the cross section of the waveguide has been constructed. The propagation losses can be reduced considerably after annealing treatment. Under the optical pump laser at 980 nm, the upconversion emission of both green and red fluorescence has been realized through the ridge waveguide structures.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11305094). S.Z. acknowledges the funding by the Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF-VH-NG-713). J.R. Vázquez de Aldana thanks the support from Junta de Castilla y León (Project SA086A12-2)