Improving the Performance of PCA-Based Chiller Sensor Fault Detection by Sensitivity Analysis for the Training Data Set

An improved approach of fault detection for chiller sensors is presented based on the sensitivity analysis for the original data set used to train the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model. Sensor faults are inevitable due to the aging, environment, location and so on. Meanwhile, because of the wide range of operational conditions, the fault of a certain sensor is very difficult to be directly detected by its own historical data. PCA is a multivariate data-based statistical analysis method and it is very useful for the sensor fault detection in HVAC&R. The undetectable zone of a certain sensor by Q-statistic is derived from the definition of Q-statistic which is usually employed as a boundary to detect the sensor fault situation. Due to the similar style between Q-statistic and Hawkins’ TH2, the undetectable zone by Hawkins’ TH2 is also obtained. Undetectable zone is a predictive index to indicate the detectability of different sensors by different statistics. Since undetectable zone is the character of the original training data set, it can indicate the quality for the selected training data. One field data set is employed to validate the presented approach. Results show that the undetectable zone of a certain sensor by Q-statistic is quite different from that by Hawkins’ TH2. Therefore, the undetectable zone can be used to improving the performance of PCA-based chiller sensor fault detection by choosing different fault detection statistics with less undetectable zone for different sensor

Origin of intra-annual density fluctuations in a semi-arid area of northwestern China

Intra-annual density fluctuation (IADF) is a structural modification of the tree ring in response to fluctuations in the weather. The expected changes in monsoon flow would lead to heterogeneous moisture conditions during the growing season and increase the occurrence of IADF in trees of the arid ecosystems of continental Asia. To reveal the timings and physiological mechanisms behind IADF formation, we monitored cambial activity and wood formation in Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis) during 2017–2019 at three sites in semi-arid China. We compared the dynamics of xylem formation under a drought event, testing the hypothesis that drought affects the process of cell enlargement and thus induces the production of IADF. Wood microcores collected weekly from April to October were used for anatomical analyses to estimate the timings of cambial activity, and the phases of enlargement, wall thickening, and lignification of the xylem. The first cells started enlargement from late April to early May. The last latewood cells completed differentiation in mid-September. Trees produced IADF in 2018. During that year, a drought in June limited cell production in the cambium, only 36% of the xylem cells being formed in IADF trees, compared to 68% in normal tree rings. IADF cells enlarged under drought in early July and started wall thickening during the rainfall events of late July. The drought restricted cell enlargement and affected wall thickening, resulting in narrow cells with wide walls. Cambium and cell enlargement recovered from the abundant rainfall, producing a new layer with large earlywood tracheids. IADF is a specific adaptation of trees to cope with water deficit events occurring during xylem formation. Our findings confirmed the hypothesis that the June-July drought induces latewood-like IADFs by limiting the process of cell enlargement in the xylem. Our finding suggests a higher occurrence of IADF in trees of arid and semi-arid climates of continental Asia if the changes to monsoon flows result in more frequent drought events during the earlywood formation in June

Make Pixels Dance: High-Dynamic Video Generation

Creating high-dynamic videos such as motion-rich actions and sophisticated visual effects poses a significant challenge in the field of artificial intelligence. Unfortunately, current state-of-the-art video generation methods, primarily focusing on text-to-video generation, tend to produce video clips with minimal motions despite maintaining high fidelity. We argue that relying solely on text instructions is insufficient and suboptimal for video generation. In this paper, we introduce PixelDance, a novel approach based on diffusion models that incorporates image instructions for both the first and last frames in conjunction with text instructions for video generation. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate that PixelDance trained with public data exhibits significantly better proficiency in synthesizing videos with complex scenes and intricate motions, setting a new standard for video generation.Comment: 12 page

A Priori Error Estimation of Physics-Informed Neural Networks Solving Allen--Cahn and Cahn--Hilliard Equations

This paper aims to analyze errors in the implementation of the Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) for solving the Allen--Cahn (AC) and Cahn--Hilliard (CH) partial differential equations (PDEs). The accuracy of PINN is still challenged when dealing with strongly non-linear and higher-order time-varying PDEs. To address this issue, we introduce a stable and bounded self-adaptive weighting scheme known as Residuals-RAE, which ensures fair training and effectively captures the solution. By incorporating this new training loss function, we conduct numerical experiments on 1D and 2D AC and CH systems to validate our theoretical findings. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that feedforward neural networks with two hidden layers and tanh activation function effectively bound the PINN approximation errors for the solution field, temporal derivative, and nonlinear term of the AC and CH equations by the training loss and number of collocation points

Construction and validation of a novel ferroptosis-related signature for evaluating prognosis and immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OV) is the most lethal form of gynecological malignancy worldwide, with limited therapeutic options and high recurrence rates. However, research focusing on prognostic patterns of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in ovarian cancer is still lacking. From the 6,406 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TCGA-OV (n = 376) and GTEx cohort (n = 180), we identified 63 potential ferroptosis-related genes. Through the LASSO-penalized Cox analysis, 3 prognostic genes, SLC7A11, ZFP36, and TTBK2, were finally distinguished. The time-dependent ROC curves and K-M survival analysis performed powerful prognostic ability of the 3-gene signature. Stepwise, we constructed and validated the nomogram based on the 3-gene signature and clinical features, with promising prognostic value in both TCGA (p-value < .0001) and ICGC cohort (p-value = .0064). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis elucidated several potential pathways between the groups stratified by 3-gene signature, while the m6A gene analysis implied higher m6A level in the high-risk group. We applied the CIBERSORT algorithm to distinct tumor immune microenvironment between two groups, with less activated dendritic cells (DCs) and plasma cells, more M0 macrophages infiltration, and higher expression of key immune checkpoint molecules (CD274, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and PDCD1LG2) in the high-risk group. In addition, the low-risk group exhibited more favorable immunotherapy and chemotherapy responses. Collectively, our findings provided new prospects in the role of ferroptosis-related genes, as a promising prediction tool for prognosis and immune responses, in order to assist personalized treatment decision-making among ovarian cancer patients

In Ovo Monitoring of Smooth Muscle Fiber Development in the Chick Embryo: Diffusion Tensor Imaging with Histologic Correlation

, and to determine the correlation between histologically-derived muscle fiber fraction, day of incubation and diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy values and length of tracked fibers.From a set of 82 normally developing fertile chicken eggs, 5 eggs were randomly chosen each day from incubation days 5 to 18 and cooled using a dual-cooling technique prior to and during magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla. Smooth muscle fibers of the gizzard were tracked using region of interests placed over the gizzard. Following imaging, the egg was cracked and the embryo was fixated and sectioned, and a micrograph most closely corresponding to the acquired magnetic resonance image was made. Smooth muscle fiber fraction was determined using an automated computer algorithm. development of smooth muscle tissue