A Review on Ultrafast Laser Microwelding of Transparent Materials and Transparent Material–Metals

Funding Information: J.P.O. acknowledges funding by national funds from FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal, I.P., in the scope of the projects LA/P/0037/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nano-modelling and Nanofabrication—i3N. Funding Information: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52275155), Class III Peak Discipline of Shanghai-Materials Science and Engineering and Equipment pre-study. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.Transparent hard and brittle (THB) materials have generated significant interest due to their excellent properties, such as wide spectral transmittance, heat resistance, chemical inactivity and high mechanical strength. To further explore the application of THB materials, it is inevitable to be confronted with a range of joining THB materials and THB material–metals. Ultrafast (UF) laser microwelding enables a new means of joining THB materials and THB material–metals, due to a localized energy deposition method, which is dominated by nonlinear absorption. This process can realize high-quality micro-zone direct joining of THB materials or THB material–metals without the assistance of a light-absorbing intermediate layer. In this paper, we review the advances in UF laser microwelding of THB materials and THB material–metals considering the last two decades, from the analysis of the interaction mechanism between UF laser and matter to the key influencing factors and practical applications of this technology. Finally, the existing problems and the future research focus of UF laser microwelding technology of THB materials and THB material–metals are discussed.publishersversionpublishe

ESNOQ, Proteomic Quantification of Endogenous S-Nitrosation

S-nitrosation is a post-translational protein modification and is one of the most important mechanisms of NO signaling. Endogenous S-nitrosothiol (SNO) quantification is a challenge for detailed functional studies. Here we developed an ESNOQ (Endogenous SNO Quantification) method which combines the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) technique with the detergent-free biotin-switch assay and LC-MS/MS. After confirming the accuracy of quantification in this method, we obtained an endogenous S-nitrosation proteome for LPS/IFN-γ induced RAW264.7 cells. 27 S-nitrosated protein targets were confirmed and using our method we were able to obtain quantitative information on the level of S-nitrosation on each modified Cys. With this quantitative information, over 15 more S-nitrosated targets were identified than in previous studies. Based on the quantification results, we found that the S-nitrosation levels of different cysteines varied within one protein, providing direct evidence for differences in the sensitivity of cysteine residues to reactive nitrosative stress and that S-nitrosation is a site-specific modification. Gene ontology clustering shows that S-nitrosation targets in the LPS/IFN-γ induced RAW264.7 cell model were functionally enriched in protein translation and glycolysis, suggesting that S-nitrosation may function by regulating multiple pathways. The ESNOQ method described here thus provides a solution for quantification of multiple endogenous S-nitrosation events, and makes it possible to elucidate the network of relationships between endogenous S-nitrosation targets involved in different cellular processes

Detection of the damage threshold of fused silica components and morphologies of repaired damage sites based on the beam deflection method

This article proposes a method to quickly detect the damage threshold of the fused silica components and the characteristics of the repair point damage. With a device detecting the beam deflection, the laser damage threshold is detected, quickly and effectively. Then, based on the beam deflection though mitigated sites, the beam deflection signals of the damage repair points are measured and the morphologies of mitigated sites are analyzed. This method is helpful in the online assessment of the damage resistance of the downstream optics and provides the guidance of the repair process

Application of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring via distal gas samples in ventilated neonates

Previous research has suggested correlations between the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) and the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in mechanically ventilated patients, but both the relationship between PETCO2 and PaCO2 and whether PETCO2 accurately reflects PaCO2 in neonates and infants are still controversial. This study evaluated remote sampling of PETCO2 via an epidural catheter within an endotracheal tube to determine the procedure's clinical safety and efficacy in the perioperative management of neonates. Methods: Abdominal surgery was performed under general anesthesia in 86 full-term newborns (age 1–30 days, weight 2.55–4.0 kg, American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II). The infants were divided into 2 groups (n = 43 each), and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas samples were collected either from the conventional position (the proximal end) or a modified position (the distal end) of the epidural catheter. Results: The PETCO2 measured with the new method was significantly higher than that measured with the traditional method, and the difference between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was also reduced. The accuracy of PETCO2 measured increased from 78.7% to 91.5% when the modified sampling method was used. The moderate correlation between PETCO2 and PaCO2 by traditional measurement was 0.596, which significantly increased to 0.960 in the modified sampling group. Thus, the PETCO2 value was closer to that of PaCO2. Conclusion: PETCO2 detected via modified carbon dioxide monitoring had a better accuracy and correlation with PaCO2 in neonates

Meta-Analysis of the <em>RAS</em> Mutation and Co-mutation in Thyroid Neoplasms: A Multicenter Study and Systematic Review.

   Background: The prevalence, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognostic implications of RAS mutations and co-mutations in thyroid neoplasms remain subjects of controversy.  Methods: Multicenter, systematic review and meta-analysis were applied. Centers include patients with thyroid neoplasms from the TCGA, ICGC, MSKCC, and a multi-center thyroid cancer cohort in China. Pubmed/MEDLINE and Embase libraries were included in Systematic review. The frequency distribution of RAS mutations and co-mutations was described. Additionally, the differences in demography, clinical-pathology, and prognosis of four distinct mutation groups ("non-mutation, single RAS mutation, driver mutation, and RAS co-mutation") were analyzed. Results: 21,370 patients with thyroid neoplasms who underwent RAS mutation testing were included. The overall frequency of RAS mutations was 19.34% (NRAS:12.94%>HRAS:6.61%>KRAS:5.00%). Among different histological types, RAS mutations had the highest mutation rate in follicular thyroid carcinoma (30.83%). And RAS co-mutations were more prevalent in tumors with lower differentiation levels. Importantly, RAS co-mutation, but not single RAS mutation significantly increased the risk of Distant Metastasis (OR=8.00; PP=.02), Overall Survival (OS) (HR=2.99; PPP=.02), Lymph Node Metastasis (OR=1.77; P=.02), Distant Metastasis (OR=3.00; P=.04), Advanced AJCC Stage (OR=1.78; P=.005), OS (HR=1.92; P=.02), and PFS (HR=1.79; P=.03). Conclusions: RAS co-mutations were the main contributor to malignant clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis, single RAS mutation not. These findings have important implications for identifying high-risk patients and implementing personalized treatment strategies. Keywords: RAS; thyroid neoplasms; Frequency; Clinical-pathological; Prognosis</p