Interannual sea level variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 2006

Three net surface heat flux products, namely from 1) version 2 of Common Ocean Reference Experiment (CORE.2), 2) Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), and 3) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational ocean analysis/reanalysis system (ECMWF ORA-S3), and three wind stress products, namely from I) CORE.2, 2) Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Reanalysis, version 2.1.6 (SODA 2.1.6), and 3) ECMWF ORA-S3 are used to investigate the abilities of four simple oceanic mechanisms in explaining the interannual variance of altimetry-derived sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the period 1993-2006. It is found that local response to surface heating plays an important role in sea level rise along the western equatorial Pacific (150 degrees-180 degrees E). The dominant processes affecting interannual variability of observed SSH anomalies vary regionally in the tropical Pacific; local response to surface heating, local Ekman pumping, wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves and the eastern boundary forcing are all important. Both the local response to surface heating and the eastern boundary forcing are important in explaining the interannual variance of observed SSH anomalies in the northeastern tropical Pacific; while the dominant contribution to interannual sea level variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific is from the eastern boundary forcing, the local Ekman pumping plays a relatively minor role in the interannual SSH change there. The wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves dominate interannual SSH variability in the western tropical Pacific, excluding the area of 2 degrees-10 degrees N, west of 170 degrees E. Although a large part of the interannual sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific is related to the oceanic remote adjustment to wind stress forcing, the contributions of local responses to surface heating and wind forcing cannot be overlooked. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Three net surface heat flux products, namely from 1) version 2 of Common Ocean Reference Experiment (CORE.2), 2) Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux), and 3) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational ocean analysis/reanalysis system (ECMWF ORA-S3), and three wind stress products, namely from I) CORE.2, 2) Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Reanalysis, version 2.1.6 (SODA 2.1.6), and 3) ECMWF ORA-S3 are used to investigate the abilities of four simple oceanic mechanisms in explaining the interannual variance of altimetry-derived sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the period 1993-2006. It is found that local response to surface heating plays an important role in sea level rise along the western equatorial Pacific (150 degrees-180 degrees E). The dominant processes affecting interannual variability of observed SSH anomalies vary regionally in the tropical Pacific; local response to surface heating, local Ekman pumping, wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves and the eastern boundary forcing are all important. Both the local response to surface heating and the eastern boundary forcing are important in explaining the interannual variance of observed SSH anomalies in the northeastern tropical Pacific; while the dominant contribution to interannual sea level variability in the southeastern tropical Pacific is from the eastern boundary forcing, the local Ekman pumping plays a relatively minor role in the interannual SSH change there. The wind-induced first baroclinic mode Rossby waves dominate interannual SSH variability in the western tropical Pacific, excluding the area of 2 degrees-10 degrees N, west of 170 degrees E. Although a large part of the interannual sea level variability in the western tropical Pacific is related to the oceanic remote adjustment to wind stress forcing, the contributions of local responses to surface heating and wind forcing cannot be overlooked. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Contrastive Prompt Learning-based Code Search based on Interaction Matrix

Code search aims to retrieve the code snippet that highly matches the given query described in natural language. Recently, many code pre-training approaches have demonstrated impressive performance on code search. However, existing code search methods still suffer from two performance constraints: inadequate semantic representation and the semantic gap between natural language (NL) and programming language (PL). In this paper, we propose CPLCS, a contrastive prompt learning-based code search method based on the cross-modal interaction mechanism. CPLCS comprises:(1) PL-NL contrastive learning, which learns the semantic matching relationship between PL and NL representations; (2) a prompt learning design for a dual-encoder structure that can alleviate the problem of inadequate semantic representation; (3) a cross-modal interaction mechanism to enhance the fine-grained mapping between NL and PL. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach on a real-world dataset across six programming languages. The experiment results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in improving semantic representation quality and mapping ability between PL and NL

A Crucial Role of IL-17 and IFN-γ during Acute Rejection of Peripheral Nerve Xenotransplantation in Mice

Nerve injuries causing segmental loss require nerve grafting. However, autografts and allografts have limitations for clinical use. Peripheral nerve xenotransplantation has become an area of great interest in clinical surgery research as an alternative graft strategy. However, xenotransplant rejection is severe with cellular immunity, and Th1 cells play an important role in the process. To better understand the process of rejection, we used peripheral nerve xenografts from rats to mice and found that mononuclear cells expressing IFN-γ and IL-17 infiltrated around the grafts, and IFN-γ and IL-17 producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased during the process of acute rejection. The changes of IL-4 level had no significant difference between xenotransplanted group and sham control group. The rejection of xenograft was significantly prevented after the treatment of IL-17 and IFN-γ neutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that Th17 cells contribute to the acute rejection process of peripheral nerve xenotransplant in addition to Th1 cells

Actividad antioxidante, fenoles totales y flavonoides totales en extractos de tallos de Jasminum nervosum Lour

Guangxi traditional Chinese Medical University Universidad de Medicina Tradicional China de Guangxi This study evaluated the antioxidant activities of the extracts of Jasminum nervosum Lour. stems along with the effects of different extract solvents on total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and antioxidant potential. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the following methods: DPPH, ABTS+ both free radicals scavenging assays, and reducing assays. TP and TF were detected by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. In former methods, the highest amount of TP content was ethy lacetate extract (EAE), expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The greatest TF content was in the n-butanol extract (BE), expressed as lutin equivalents. No significant difference was observed in the TP/TF content between these two extracts. The antioxidant activity and TP/TF content of three extracts seemed to follow the same trend. This implied that there is a good correlation between antioxidant activities and TP/TF content. But in HPLC methods, EAE contained the highest content of lutin and gallic acid, which decreased in the same order of EAE > BE > PE, the rank order of TP/TF content of EAE and BE were different according to antioxidant ability. The overall results showed that the EAE and BE were richer in phenolics and flavonoids than petroleum ether extract (PE), and may represent a good source of antioxidants.Este estudio evaluó las actividades antioxidantes de extractos de tallos de Jasminum nervosum Lour., y el efecto de diferentes disolventes de extracción en los fenoles totales (TP) y flavonoides totales (TF), y su potencial antioxidante. La actividad antioxidante de los extractos fue evaluada usando los siguientes métodos: DPPH, ABTS+ y ensayos reductores. TP y TF fueron detectados por métodos espectroscópicos y por HPLC. Con el primer método, el contenido más alto de TP se obtuvo en el extracto con acetato de etilo (EAE), expresado como equivalentes de ácido gálico. Por su parte, el mayor contenido de TF se obtuvo en el extracto con n-butanol (BE), expresado como equivalentes de luteína. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la relación TP/TF entre los dos extractos. La actividad antioxidante y la relación TP/TF de los tres extractos parecen seguir el mismo comportamiento. Esto implica que hay una buena correlación entre las actividades antioxidantes y la relación TP/TF. Con el método de HPLC, el extracto EAE contenía los más altos contenidos de luteína y ácido gálico, que decrecieron en el mismo orden de EAE > BE > PE, el orden de la relación TP/TF de EAE y BE fueron diferentes de acuerdo a su capacidad antioxidante. En conjunto, los resultados muestran que los extractos de EAE y de BE fueron más ricos en compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides que el extracto de éter (PE), y pueden representar una buena fuente de antioxidantes

Suppression of self-discharge in a non-flowing bromine battery via <i>in situ </i>generation of countercharged groups

Bromine is attractive for next-generation energy-storage systems because of its high capacity and natural abundance. However, because of issues relating to self-discharging processes, prototypes involving bromide/bromine redox couples are largely limited to the design of flow cells. Here we propose a method to exploit bromine redox chemistry and demonstrate the feasibility of mitigating ion depletion in a stationary device. A cell using polyaniline vapor-grown carbon fiber (PANI-VGCF) as the electrode material exhibits close to 100% Coulombic efficiency at a low current density (50 mA/g). Electrochemical results, operando Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical analysis provide clues that the strong interaction between protonated PANI and Br−/ Br3− makes their decoupling unfavorable, thereby suppressing self-discharge processes. This strategy could be utilized for rational design of other conjugated materials/bromine systems without self-discharge issues

Rosuvastatin Reduces Neuroinflammation in the Hemorrhagic Transformation After rt-PA Treatment in a Mouse Model of Experimental Stroke

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a serious complication that stimulates inflammation during reperfusion therapy after acute ischemic stroke. Rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, might improve the outcome of HT by inhibiting neuroinflammation. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of rosuvastatin against HT after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) treatment in mice with experimental stroke via the attenuation of inflammation. A total of one hundred sixty-nine male BALB/c mice were used in the experiment. HT was successfully established in 70 mice that were subjected to 3 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by a 10 mg/kg rt-PA injection over 10 min and reperfusion for 24 h. The mice were then administered rosuvastatin (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle). The brain water content and neurological deficits (wire hang and adhesive removal somatosensory tests) were assessed at 24 h after rt-PA reperfusion following MCAO surgery. The morphology, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and number of astrocytes and microglia were assessed by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and western blotting at 24 h after rt-PA reperfusion following MCAO surgery. Rosuvastatin protected against impaired neurological function and reversed the BBB leakage observed in the HT group. The increased activation of astrocytes and microglia and secretion of inflammatory factors caused by HT damage were significantly attenuated by high-dose rosuvastatin treatment vs. normal-dose rosuvastatin treatment. Related inflammatory pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, were downregulated in the rosuvastatin-treated groups compared with the HT group. In conclusion, our results indicate that rosuvastatin is a promising therapeutic agent for HT after rt-PA reperfusion following MCAO surgery in mice, as it attenuates neuroinflammation. Additionally, high-dose rosuvastatin treatment could have a greater anti-inflammatory effect on HT than normal-dose rosuvastatin treatment

Dissociation of hydrogen molecules on the clean and hydrogen-preadsorbed Be(0001) surface

Using first-principles calculations, we systematically study the potential energy surfaces and dissociation processes for hydrogen molecules on the clean and hydrogen-preadsorbed Be(0001) surfaces. It is found that the most energetically favored dissociation channel for H2 molecules on the clean Be surface is at the surface top site, with the minimum energy barrier of 0.75 eV. It is further found that after dissociation, hydrogen atoms do not like to cluster with each other, as well as to penetrate into subsurface sites. For the hydrogen-preadsorbed Be(0001) surface, the smallest dissociation energy barrier for H2 molecules is found to be 0.50 eV, which is smaller than the dissociation energy barrier on a clean Be(0001) surface. The critical dependence of the dissociation energy barriers for H2 molecules on their horizontal distances from the preadsorbed hydrogen atom is revealed. Our studies well describe the adsorption behaviors of hydrogen on the Be(0001) surface.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Research on primary frequency regulation strategies for ancillary wind power inertia based on the rotor kinetic energy

The additional frequency control of wind turbines is an effective method to solve the problem of low inertia in power systems with high proportions of new energy. The primary frequency regulation of auxiliary wind power inertia systems based on rotor kinetic energy can not only make the wind turbine run at the maximum power point but also has the lowest cost and better economy of the auxiliary frequency regulation module. The wind power inertia output control scheme based on rotor kinetic energy control is constructed by considering the frequency response characteristics of synchronous generator sets and loads. The calculation model of the minimum inertia demand of the power system is established using the rate of change of frequency and the maximum frequency offset as constraints. Combined with the real-time operating conditions of the wind turbine, the speed regulation limit of the wind turbine rotor kinetic energy control is obtained to avoid wind turbine off-grid due to excessive frequency regulation. To prevent frequency secondary drop of the system during the speed recovery process, the steady speed recovery of the wind turbine is controlled by setting the rate of speed change. The feasibility of the strategy for the regulation of the auxiliary primary frequency proposed in this study was verified in an example based on a two-region, four-machine system. When a disturbance sets the sudden load power to 150 MW, under the kinetic energy control of the wind turbine rotor, the system frequency change rate and the maximum frequency offset are increased; in particular, the maximum frequency offset is reduced by 0.348 Hz, which further illustrates the flexibility and plasticity of the rotor kinetic energy control of the wind turbines. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for adding additional frequency control to existing wind turbines