Shape Amphiphiles in 2‑D: Assembly of 1‑D Stripes and Control of Their Surface Density

The morphology of monolayers assembled from mixtures of a shape-amphiphilic molecule, {33,19} = 1-((hentriaconta-14,16-diyn-1-yloxy)­methyl)-5-((heptadecyloxy)­methyl)­anthracene, and a symmetric molecule, {19₂}, at the solution–HOPG interface depends strongly on the components’ solution concentrations and sample annealing history. The kinked alkadiyne side chain, {33}, packs optimally only with antiparallel aligned, {33} side chains. Thus, optimal packing of {33} side chains should assemble “{33} stripes” consisting of two adjacent {33,19} columns with interdigitated {33} chains. The aliphatic {19} side chain of {33,19} can pack with antiparallel aligned {19} side chains from {19₂} or from {33,19}. Thus, {33} stripes can incorporate as “guests” within {19₂} “host” monolayers. The composition and morphology of monolayers formed by drop casting solutions of {33,19} and {19₂} at 19 °C are dominated by assembly kinetics. Short {33} strips are immersed haphazardly in monolayers comprised mostly of {19₂}. Thermal annealing promotes fuller expression of {33,19}’s shape amphiphilicity and assembly of thermodynamically determined monolayers incorporating 1-D {33} stripes within a 2-D matrix of {19₂}. Larger solution mole fractions of {19₂} yield annealed monolayers with nearly constant {33} strip lengths, decreased {33} strip density, and increased {33} strip spacing

Shape Amphiphiles in 2‑D: Assembly of 1‑D Stripes and Control of Their Surface Density

The morphology of monolayers assembled from mixtures of a shape-amphiphilic molecule, {33,19} = 1-((hentriaconta-14,16-diyn-1-yloxy)­methyl)-5-((heptadecyloxy)­methyl)­anthracene, and a symmetric molecule, {19₂}, at the solution–HOPG interface depends strongly on the components’ solution concentrations and sample annealing history. The kinked alkadiyne side chain, {33}, packs optimally only with antiparallel aligned, {33} side chains. Thus, optimal packing of {33} side chains should assemble “{33} stripes” consisting of two adjacent {33,19} columns with interdigitated {33} chains. The aliphatic {19} side chain of {33,19} can pack with antiparallel aligned {19} side chains from {19₂} or from {33,19}. Thus, {33} stripes can incorporate as “guests” within {19₂} “host” monolayers. The composition and morphology of monolayers formed by drop casting solutions of {33,19} and {19₂} at 19 °C are dominated by assembly kinetics. Short {33} strips are immersed haphazardly in monolayers comprised mostly of {19₂}. Thermal annealing promotes fuller expression of {33,19}’s shape amphiphilicity and assembly of thermodynamically determined monolayers incorporating 1-D {33} stripes within a 2-D matrix of {19₂}. Larger solution mole fractions of {19₂} yield annealed monolayers with nearly constant {33} strip lengths, decreased {33} strip density, and increased {33} strip spacing

Shape-Directed Patterning and Surface Reaction of Tetra-diacetylene Monolayers: Formation of Linear and Two-Dimensional Grid Polydiacetylene Alternating Copolymers

Side chains containing two diacetylene units spaced by an odd number of methylene units exhibit pronounced “bumps” composed of 0.3 nm steps, in opposite directions, at odd and even side-chain positions. In densely packed self-assembled monolayers, the bis-diacetylene bumps stack into each other, similar to the stacking of paper cups. Bis-diacetylene side chain structure and associated packing constraints can be tailored by altering the bump width, direction, side-chain location, and overall side-chain length as a means to direct the identities and alignments of adjacent molecules within monolayers. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the solution–HOPG interface confirms the high selectivity and fidelity with which bis-diacetylene bump stacking directs the packing of shape-complementary side chains within one-component monolayers and within two-component, 1-D self-patterned monolayers. Drop cast or moderately annealed monolayers of anthracenes bearing two bis-diacetylene side chains assemble single domains as large as 10⁵ nm². Light-induced cross-linking of two-component, 1-D patterned monolayers generates linear polydiacetylene alternating copolymers (A-B-)_<i>x</i> and 2-D grid polydiacetylene alternating copolymers (A_‑B‑^‑B‑A_‑B‑^‑B‑)_<i>x</i> that covalently lock in monolayer structure and patterns

Notes

Notes about the abbreviation of fig scientific nam

Data_of_Figure_3_4.Number_of_the_offspring_of_pollen_and_pollen-free_foundresses_across_different_species

Number of the offspring of pollen and pollen-free foundresses across different specie

Data_of_Figure_4.Number_of_the_foundress_and_the_fruit diameter_across_different_species

Number of the foundress and the fruit diameter across different specie

Data_of_Figure_1_2.Number_of_offspring_of_pollen_carried_and_pollen-free_foundresses_according_to_different_foundress_numbers.xls

Number of offspring of pollen carried and pollen-free foundresses according to different foundress number

Biosynthesis of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone glycosides via OcUGT1-catalyzed glycosylation and transglycosylation

<p>Herein, a flavonoid glycosyltransferase (GT) OcUGT1 was determined to be able to attack C-8 position of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) via both glycosylation and transglycosylation reactions. OcUGT1-catalyzed glycosylation of 7,8-DHF resulted in the formation of two monoglycosides 7-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucosyl-8-hydroxyflavone (<b>1a</b>), 7-hydroxy-8-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucosylflavone (<b>1b</b>), as well as one diglycoside 7,8-di-<i>O</i>-β-D-glucosylflavone (<b>1c</b>). Under the action of OcUGT1, inter-molecular trans-glycosylations from aryl β-glycosides to 7,8-DHF to form monoglycosides <b>1a</b> and <b>1b</b> were observable.</p

The general two-stage class of policies.

<p>In stage 1, for each resident we choose the number of fingers () to acquire and whether ) or not ( to acquire the irises, based on the BFD and BID scores . We then observe the new similarity scores of the acquired biometrics, where the fingerprint scores are ranked according to the index . We compute the likelihood ratio and accept the resident as genuine if is greater than the upper threshold , reject the resident if is smaller than the lower threshold , and otherwise continue to stage 2, where both irises (if ) and additional fingerprints are acquired. Finally, we compute the likelihood ratio based on the biometrics acquired in stage 2 and then accept or reject the resident using the second-stage threshold .</p

Prevalence (%) of leisure-time physical inactivity in U.S. states, 2008–2013.

<p>Prevalence (%) of leisure-time physical inactivity in U.S. states, 2008–2013.</p