Fuel-cell performance of multiply-crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by two-step radiation technique

A multiply-crosslinked polymer electrolyte membrane was prepared by the radiation-induced co-grafting of styrene and a bis(vinyl phenyl)ethane (BVPE) crosslinker into a radiation-crosslinked polytetrafluoroethylene (cPTFE) film. We then investigated its H2/O2 fuel-cell performance at 60 and 80ºC in terms of the effect of radiation and chemical crosslinking. At 60ºC, all the membranes initially exhibited similar performance, but only the cPTFE-based membranes were durable at 80ºC, indicating the necessity of radiation crosslinking in the PTFE main chains. Importantly, cell performance of the multiply-crosslinked membrane was found high enough to reach that of a Nafion112 membrane. This is probably because the BVPE crosslinks in the graft component improved the membrane-electrode interface in addition to membrane durability. After severe OCV hold tests at 80 and 95ºC, the performance deteriorated, while no significant change was observed in ohmic resistivity. Accordingly, our membranes seemed so chemically stable that an influence on overall performance loss could be negligible

Prácticas de manejo e higiénico-sanitarias en las explotaciones lecheras y recuento de células somáticas

This study was done to establish relationships between management and sanitary practices on ewe dairy farms and the quality of milk produced. For this purpose, a survey was carried out on 118 farms and a total of 121,117 animals in the Castilla-La Mancha region (Southeast Spain) in which the veterinarians of the Association of Sanitary Defence participated. Flocks varied considerably in size, ranging from 120-7,200 sheep, with an average milking period lasting 3-5 months and milk yields of between 50 and 150 litres per lactation by mechanical systems on 75.0% of farms. Sanitary practices during milking are still not commonplace; 53.3% performed post milking teat disinfection, 37.0% did the California mastitis test, 31.1% had a dry therapy programme and only 18.6% of farms kept records of animals with clinical mastitis. Nonetheless, the results revealed that 42.7% of the farms surveyed showed good quality hygienic milk (bulk milk somatic cell count, BMSCC<600 × 103 cells mL-1). On most farms, the rate of animals with clinical mastitis was less than 5.0%, while that of subclinical mastitis cases was less than 5.0% on 25.6% of farms. Certain factors like mechanical milking, post milking teat disinfection, recording animals with clinical mastitis and controlling the frequency of animals with subclinical mastitis did not exceed 5.0%. Those risk factors for increased BMSCC levels were significant. Therefore, farmers are recommended to bear these factors in mind, and to instil the importance of carrying out these practices when implementing a good dairy farm practices system.El trabajo se llevó a cabo para conocer las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de las explotaciones de ovino manchego, y su posible relación con la sanidad de la ubre y la calidad de la leche obtenida. Para ello se elaboró una encuesta que se dirigió a los veterinarios responsables de Agrupaciones de Defensa Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha. Se analizaron las encuestas de 118 explotaciones, que incluyen un total de 121.117 animales de ordeño. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, a pesar de la enorme variabilidad en el tamaño de las explotaciones (desde 120 hasta 7.200 ovejas), la mayoría de ellas poseen sala de ordeño (75%), siendo la duración media del ordeño entre 3-5 meses y la producción de leche por oveja y lactación entre 50-150 L. Las prácticas sanitarias durante el ordeño no están muy extendidas, ya que el 53,3% realiza sellado postordeño, el 37,0% lleva a cabo el test de California, el 31,1% sigue la terapia de secado y el 18,6% de las explotaciones registra a los animales con mastitis. Del total de explotaciones encuestadas, 42,7% producen leche con un recuento de células somáticas < 600 × 103 células mL–1. La mayoría de ellas posee valores por  debajo del 5% de animales con mastitis clínicas, y entre las subclínicas, más de la cuarta parte de las granjas (25,6%) tienen una incidencia < 5%. Prácticas como el ordeño mecánico, el sellado postordeño, el registro de animales con mastitis clínicas y controlar que la frecuencia de animales con mastitis subclínica no supere el 5% fueron significativos factores de riesgo del incremento del recuento de células somáticas en tanque. En conclusión, cuando se pretenda implantar un programa de buenas prácticas ganaderas en un grupo de explotaciones de ovino de leche, es recomendable incorporarlas para mejorar el recuento celular y por lo tanto la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de la leche producida

A rice ABC transporter, OsABCC1, reduces arsenic accumulation in the grain

Arsenic (As) is a chronic poison that causes severe skin lesions and cancer. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major dietary source of As; therefore, reducing As accumulation in the rice grain and thereby diminishing the amount of As that enters the food chain is of critical importance. Here, we report that a member of the Oryza sativa C-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (OsABCC) family, OsABCC1, is involved in the detoxification and reduction of As in rice grains. We found that OsABCC1 was expressed in many organs, including the roots, leaves, nodes, peduncle, and rachis. Expression was not affected when plants were exposed to low levels of As but was up-regulated in response to high levels of As. In both the basal nodes and upper nodes, which are connected to the panicle, OsABCC1 was localized to the phloem region of vascular bundles. Furthermore, OsABCC1 was localized to the tonoplast and conferred phytochelatin-dependent As resistance in yeast. Knockout of OsABCC1 in rice resulted in decreased tolerance to As, but did not affect cadmium toxicity. At the reproductive growth stage, the As content was higher in the nodes and in other tissues of wild-type rice than in those of OsABCC1 knockout mutants, but was significantly lower in the grain. Taken together, our results indicate that OsABCC1 limits As transport to the grains by sequestering As in the vacuoles of the phloem companion cells of the nodes in rice.open117318Ysciescopu

Peierls Mechanism of the Metal-Insulator Transition in Ferromagnetic Hollandite K2Cr8O16

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment shows that the metal-insulator transition occurring in a ferromagnetic state of a hollandite K$_2$Cr$_8$O$_{16}$ is accompanied by a structural distortion from the tetragonal $I4/m$ to monoclinic $P112_{1}/a$ phase with a $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}\times 1$ supercell. Detailed electronic structure calculations demonstrate that the metal-insulator transition is caused by a Peierls instability in the quasi-one-dimensional column structure made of four coupled Cr-O chains running in the $c$-direction, leading to the formation of tetramers of Cr ions below the transition temperature. This furnishes a rare example of the Peierls transition of fully spin-polarized electron systems.Comment: Phys. Rev. Lett., in press, 5 pages, 3 figure

The heterogeneity of target recognition by lymphokine-activated killer precursor cells.

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) that were depleted of mature cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells. PBL NK activity was abolished by pretreatment of effector cells with the toxic lysosomotropic agent L-leucine methyl ester (LME) or by depletion of effector cells by K562 monolayer absorption (MA). Both treatments markedly reduced the proportion of cells expressing NK-associated markers such as CD 16 (Leu 11b, B73.1), Leu 7, and NKH-1 (Leu 19), whereas these treatments had minimal effects on cells expressing T cell markers (CD 3, CD 4, and CD 8). LME and MA also drastically decreased the proportion of K562 target-binding lymphocytes. LAK activity against NK-sensitive and NK-resistant targets can be generated from the NK cell-depleted PBL by incubation with interleukin-2. Peak LAK activity generated from MA-treated PBL was later than the peak of LAK activity generated from either untreated or LME-treated PBL. Although MA of PBL on NK-resistant S4 sarcoma targets had little effect on NK activity, LAK activity against both K562 and S4 targets was reduced. These results suggest that there are at least three LAK precursor subpopulations in PBL: mature NK cells that can bind and kill K562 targets (LME-sensitive and MA-sensitive); "pre-NK" cells that can bind but cannot kill (LME-resistant and MA-sensitive); and non-NK cells that cannot bind and cannot kill K562 targets (MA-resistant)