Unigene

Assembly unigene set from Ginkgo biloba transcriptom

Data from: Transcriptome profile analysis from different sex types of Ginkgo biloba L.

In plants, sex determination is a comprehensive process of correlated events, which involves genes that are differentially and/or specifically expressed in distinct developmental phases. Exploring gene expression profiles from different sex types will contribute to fully understanding sex determination in plants. In this study, we conducted RNA-sequencing of female and male buds (FB and MB) as well as ovulate strobilus and staminate strobilus (OS and SS) of Ginkgo biloba to gain insights into the genes potentially related to sex determination in this species. Approximately 60 Gb of clean reads were obtained from eight cDNA libraries. De novo assembly of the clean reads generated 108,307 unigenes with an average length of 796 bp. Among these unigenes, 51,953 (47.97%) had at least one significant match with a gene sequence in the public databases searched. A total of 4,709 and 9,802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in MB vs. FB and SS vs. OS, respectively. Genes involved in plant hormone signal and transduction as well as those encoding DNA methyltransferase were found to be differentially expressed between different sex types. Their potential roles in sex determination of G. biloba were discussed. Pistil-related genes were expressed in male buds while anther-specific genes were identified in female buds, suggesting that dioecism in G. biloba was resulted from the selective arrest of reproductive primordia. High correlation of expression level was found between the RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR results. The transcriptome resources that we generated allowed us to characterize gene expression profiles and examine differential expression profiles, which provided foundations for identifying functional genes associated with sex determination in G. biloba

GO annotation of the targets genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs.

<p>GO annotation of the targets genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs.</p

Research Progress of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by misfolding of α-synuclein. Clinical manifestations include slowly developing resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia and abnormal gait. The pathological mechanisms underlying PD are complex and yet to be fully elucidated. Clinical studies suggest that the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms may precede motor symptoms in PD patients. The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a bidirectional communication role between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system. This bidirectional communication between the brain and gut is influenced by the neural, immune and endocrine systems related to the gut microbiome. A growing body of evidence indicates a strong link between dysregulation of the gut microbiota and PD. In this review, we present recent progress in understanding the relationship between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and PD. We focus on the role of the gut microbiota, the unique changes observed in the microbiome of PD patients, and the impact of these changes on the progression of PD. Finally, we evaluate the role of current treatment strategies for PD, including probiotics, fecal microbial transplants, dietary modifications, and related drug therapies

Summary of the clean small RNAs in the epiphyllous ovule leaves and normal leaves libraries.

<p>EL: Epiphyllous ovule leaves, NL: Normal leaves.</p><p>Summary of the clean small RNAs in the epiphyllous ovule leaves and normal leaves libraries.</p

Epiphyllous ovule leaves and normal leaves from <i>G</i>. <i>biloba</i> var. <i>epiphylla</i>.

<p>(A) Abnormal ovuliferous structure with partly epiphyllous ovules leaves and normal leaves in the early stage of partly epiphyllous ovule germination (in mid-April). (B) Close-up of the epiphyllous ovules leaves (in mid-April).</p

Numbers of members identified in the 23 conserved miRNA families.

<p>Numbers of members identified in the 23 conserved miRNA families.</p

Expression patterns of the ten predicted target genes of the selected miRNAs.

<p>The expression levels of the target genes were normalized to that of <i>GAPDH</i>. Bars indicated the standard error of means.</p