Capability of APSIM-Oryza to stimulate lowland rice-based farming systems under nitrogen treatments in a tropical climate

Rice is the most important crop in Asia and the staple food for most of the world’s population. Due to the overwhelming importance of this crop, modelling rice-based farming systems will provide valuable help to compare experimental research findings across regions, extrapolate field experimental data to wider environments, develop management recommendations and decision-support systems, explore effects of climate change and adaptation options, and prediction of crop yield. There is an increasing demand for the capability to simulate rice-based cropping systems, especially in Asia. Such a system capability will allow expanded investigation of nitrogen dynamics, crop sequencing, intercropping, crop residue management and soil and water management. Incorporation of the ORYZA2000 rice model(Bouman and van Laar, 2006) into APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM-Oryza) together with recent work on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in transitional flooded/non-flooded systems(Gaydon et al., 2009) has facilitated long-term simulation of lowland rice-based farming systems scenarios. However, the capability of APSIM-Oryza to simulate rice-based crop sequences involving other crops has undergone limited testing to this point and under a variety of crop management practices and cropping systems. In this paper, we detail testing of the APSIM-Oryza simulation model against an experimental dataset involving lowland rice-rice-soybean crop rotation in West Nusa Tenggara Province(NTB) Indonesi

Global Communication - 2/E

This book is intended to explore, analyze, inform, and provoke discussions about one of the major components of globalization: global communication. Global communication is a post cold war and post industrial revolution phenomenon that is rapidly transforming economic, relational, social, cultural, political, and structural aspects of practically every nation of the world. Global communication, made possible by the marvels of telecommunication technologies, is a vast, diverse, dynamic, complex, interactive, and rapidly growing discipline and enterprise

Passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections for heavy and medium trucks and animal driven carts in Gaza, Palestine

This study concludes that in Gaza City, PCE values at traffic signals were found to be 2.23, and 1.43 for heavy and medium trucks, respectively. However PCE value for animaldriven carts was found to be 1.51. Using appropriate statistical tests, to examine the significance of the differences among PCE values in Gaza, UK and India; it was found that there is no significant difference in PCE value for heavy and medium trucks between Gaza (2.23, 1.43) and UK (2.3, 1.5). However, it was found that there is a significant difference in PCE value for animaldriven carts between Gaza (1.51) and India (2.6)

Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella Typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol

Background: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 µg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 µg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.&nbsp

Ring opening polymerization of lactides and lactones by multimetallic alkyl zinc complexes derived from the acids Ph₂C(X)CO₂2H (X = OH, NH₂ )

The reaction of the dialkylzinc reagents R₂Zn with the acids 2,2-Ph₂C(X)(CO₂H), where X = NH₂, OH, i.e. 2,2′-diphenylglycine (dpgH) or benzilic acid (benzH2), in toluene at reflux temperature afforded the tetra-nuclear ring complexes [RZn(dpg)]₄, where R = Me (1), Et (2), 2-CF₃C₆H₄ (3), and 2,4,6-F₃C₆H₂ (4); complex 2 has been previously reported. The crystal structures of 1·(2MeCN), 3 and 4·(4(C₇H₈)·1.59(H₂O)) are reported, along with that of the intermediate compound (2-CF₃C₆H₄)3B·MeCN and the known compound [ZnCl₂(NCMe)₂]. Complexes 1–4, together with the known complex [(ZnEt)₃(ZnL)₃(benz)₃] (5; L = MeCN), have been screened, in the absence of benzyl alcohol, for their potential to act as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), δ-valerolactone (δ-VL) and rac-lactide (rac-LA); the co-polymerization of ε-CL with rac-LA was also studied. Complexes 3 and 4 bearing fluorinated aryls at zinc were found to afford the highest activities

Multimetallic lithium complexes derived from the acids Ph₂C(X)CO₂H (X = OH, NH₂) : synthesis, structure and ring opening polymerization of lactides and lactones

Reaction of LiOR (R=t-Bu, Ph) with the acids 2,2/-Ph₂C(X)(CO₂H), X=OH (benzH), NH₂ (dpgH) was investigated. For benzH, one equivalent LiOt-Bu in THF afforded [Li(benz)]2⋅2THF (1⋅2THF), which adopts a 1D chain structure. If acetonitrile is used (mild conditions), another polymorph of 1 is isolated; LiOPh also led to 1. Robust work-up afforded [Li₇(benz)₇(MeCN)] 2MeCN THF (2⋅2MeCN⋅THF). Use of LiOt-Bu (2 equivalents) led to {Li₈(Ot-Bu)₂[(benz)](OCPh₂CO₂CPh₂CO2t-Bu)₂(THF)₄} (3), the core of which comprises two open cubes linked by benz ligands. For dpgH, two equivalents of LiOt-Bu in THF afforded [Li6(Ot-Bu)₂(dpg)₂(THF)₂] (4), which contains an Li₂Ov 6-step ladder. Similar reaction of LiOPh afforded [Li₈(PhO)₄(dpg)₄(MeCN)₄] (5). Complexes 1–5 were screened for their potential as catalysts for ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ϵ-caprolactone (ϵ-CL), rac-lactide (rac-LA) and δ-valerolactone (δ-VL). For ROP of ϵ-CL, conversions > 70 % were achievable at 110 °C with good control. For rac-LA and δ-VL, temperatures of at least 110 °C over 12 h were necessary for activity (conversions > 60 %). Systems employing 2 were inactiv