CARBON DIOXIDE-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF PYRROLES IN WATER

A novel carbon dioxide-mediated synthesis of diverse pyrroles using 2,5- dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and primary amines has been achieved in excellent yield. Despite the importance of pyrroles, no study has been performed using carbon dioxide as a reagent to accomplish Paal-Knorr reaction

CARBON DIOXIDE-MEDIATED PREPARATION OF PYRROLES IN WATER FOLLOWING PAAL KNORR METHOD

Carbon dioxide-mediated new reaction of 2,5-hexanedione and primary amino compounds in water-THF produced N-substituted pyrroles in excellent yield. This method for the preparation of pyrroles is novel, simple, and efficient

NON-TRADITIONAL EXAMINATION: A STUDY TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH PERFORMANCE OF UNDERGRADUATE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY STUDENTS#

An investigation of conducting a presentation examination instead of a classical written examination method on academic and research performance of undergraduate chemistry students was performed at the University of Texas-Pan American. The results suggest that chemistry students do much better in the presentation examination compared to the written examination at the advanced organic chemistry course. But, the performances of the students in the lower level courses are mixed. However, students do much better in research work when presentation examination was conducted

Surface Dose Measurements on an Indigenously Made Inhomogeneous Female Pelvic Phantom Using Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor Based Dosimetric System

Introduction: Megavoltage X-ray beams are used to treat cervix cancer due to their skin-sparing effect. Preferably, the radiation surface doses should be negligible; however, it increases due to electron contamination produced by various field parameters. Therefore, it is essential to provide proper knowledge about the effect of different field parameters on radiation doses. This study sought to find out the effect of various physical parameters on the surface doses. Materials and Methods: The effects of field size, source-to-surface distance, and open or acrylic block tray fields on surface doses were determined.  Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistor based dosimetric system was used for dose measurements for 6 MV photon beam. The directly measured radiation surface doses on pelvic phantom were compared to surface dose values computed by treatment planning system in the similar field parameters. Results: The measured results for the percentage depth dose (PDD0) in field size of 10x10 cm2  were 13.32%, 12.95% and 13.87% for open field and 36.87%, 36.31% and 35.88%  for acrylic block tray field. In addition, the computed doses were 7.83%, 7.73% and 7.65% for open field and 16.33%, 16.12% and 15.88% for acrylic block tray field at 80 cm, 100 cm, and 120 cm SSDs, respectively. Conclusion: The surface dose increases along with the size of the field and decreases with increasing SSD. The surface doses in acrylic block tray fields were significantly higher than the open ones. The treatment planning system computed a lesser radiation doses in same field parameters

An expeditious green route toward 2-aryl-4- phenyl-1H-imidazoles

Background: Azaheterocycles are an important class of compounds because of their highly potent medicinal activities, and the imidazole subcategory is of special interest in regard to drug discovery research. Findings: An expeditious synthetic protocol of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been accomplished by reacting phenylglyoxal monohydrate, ammonium acetate, and aldehyde under sonication. Following this green approach a series of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been synthesized using diversely substituted aldehydes. Conclusions: A rapid and simple synthetic procedure to synthesize diversely substituted 2-aryl-4-phenyl-1H-imidazoles has been reported. Other salient features of this protocol include milder conditions, atom-economy, easy extraction, and minimum wastes. The present procedure may find application in the synthesis of biologically active molecules

MICROWAVE-INDUCED BISMUTH TRIIODIDE-CATALYZED FACILE SYNTHESIS OF OCTAHYDROXANTHENES

Microwave-induced reaction of 1,3-cyclohexanedione with numerous aldehydes using bismuth iodide is performed successfully toward the synthesis of important octahydroxanthenes. A most probable mechanism is suggested to explain the formation of products

Can fingernail quality predict bone damage in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? a pilot study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adversely affects the normal functioning, intrinsic material properties, and structural integrity of many tissues, including bone. It is well known that the clinical utility of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is limited to assess bone strength in individuals with T2DM. Therefore, there is a need to explore new diagnostic techniques that can better assist and improve the accuracy of assessment of bone tissue quality. The present study investigated the link between bone and fingernail material/compositional properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For that, femoral head and fingernail samples were obtained from twenty-five adult female patients (with/without T2DM) with fragility femoral neck fractures undergoing hemi/total hip arthroplasty. Cylindrical cores of trabecular bone were subjected to micro-CT, and lower bone volume fraction was observed in the diabetic group than the non-diabetic group due to fewer and thinner trabeculae in individuals with T2DM. The material and compositional properties of bone/fingernail were estimated using nanoindentation and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, respectively. Both bone/fingernails in T2DM had lower reduced modulus (Er), hardness (H), lower Amide I and Amide II area ratio (protein content), higher sugar-to-matrix ratio, and relatively high carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content compared with non-diabetic patients. Sugar-to-matrix ratio and relative CML content were strongly and positively correlated with HbA1c for both bone/fingernail. There was a positive correlation between bone and fingernail glycation content. Our findings provide evidence that the degradation pattern of bone and fingernail properties go hand-in-hand in individuals with T2DM. Hence, the fingernail compositional/material properties might serve as a non-invasive surrogate marker of bone quality in T2DM; however, further large-scale studies need to be undertaken

Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutants rich tannery wastewater from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Unnao district, India using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa

The leather industry is a major source of environmental pollution in India. The wastewater generated by leather industries contains very high pollution parameters due to the presence of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants even after the treatment at a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and disturbs the ecological flora and fauna. The nature, characteristics and toxicity of CETP treated wastewater is yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, this study aims to characterize and evaluate the toxicity of CETP treated tannery wastewater collected from the Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh, India. In addition to measuring the physico-chemical parameters, the residual organic pollutants was identified by GC-MS analysis and phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the treated wastewater was evaluated using Vigna radiata L. and Allium cepa L. Results showed that the treated wastewater contained very high pollution parameters (TDS 3850mg/L, BOD 680mg/L, COD-1300mg/L). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various types of residual organic pollutants including benzoic acid, 3-[4,-(T-butyl) Phenyl] furan-2-5-dione, benzeneacetamide, resorcinol, dibutyl phthalate, and benzene-1,2,4-triol. Further, toxicological studies showed the phytotoxic nature of the wastewater as it inhibited seed germination in V. radiata L. and root growth of A. cepa. Genotoxicity was evidenced in the root tip cell of A. cepa where chromosomal aberrations (stickiness, chromosome loss, C-mitosis, and vagrant chromosome) and nuclear abnormalities like micronucleated and binucleated cells were observed. Thus, results suggested that it is not safe to discharge these wastewater into the environment

Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance properties of bacteria isolated from the aeration lagoons of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) of tannery industries (Unnao, India)

514-519In the present study, 12 aerobic bacterial strains were isolated from the common effluent treatment plant (CETP) of tannery industries and identified as Alcaligenes sp. (FJ55942), Pantoea sp. (FJ55943), Bacillus megaterium (FJ55944), B. marisflavi (FJ55945), B. subtilis (FJ55946), B. megaterium (FJ55947), B. cereus (FJ55948), B. pumilus (FJ55949), Pseudomonas sp. (FJ55950), Bacillus sp. (FJ55951), B. subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">having closest relationship with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Agrobacterium larrymoorie bacterium.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> Further, the results of antibiotic and heavy metal resistant studies have shown that all the bacterial isolates of initial and final aeration lagoons were intermediate for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, except Alcaligenes sp. and Pantoea sp. In addition, the bacterial isolates of initial aeration lagoon have shown a wide range of MIC values ranging from 90-650, 60-250, 150-800, 600-700, 400-650, 90-600, 400-600 and 60-500 µg mL-1 for Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Mo and As; while that of final aeration lagoon, it was 140-600, 60-250, 600-700, 550-700, 400-650, 100-300, 400-650 and 200-400 µg mL-1 for Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Mo and As, respectively. All these bacterial isolates were found to have a wide range of multi-drug and multi-metal resistant property, indicating that industrial effluents are organically enriched medium supporting the fast growth and spreading of antibiotics and heavy metals resistant microbes in the environment. </span

Unprecedented copper(I)-catalyzed photochemical reaction of diethyl ether with vicinal diols and ketals

A novel Cu(I)-catalyzed photochemical reaction of diethyl ether with vicinal diols and their ketals is reported. The most remarkable feature is the transformation of 1,2-diols and their ketals to acetals of acetaldehyde under totally neutral condition without using acetaldehyde