Oscillation criteria for a certain even order neutral difference equation with an oscillating coefficient

AbstractIn this paper we are concerned with the oscillation of solutions of a certain higher order linear neutral type difference equation with an oscillating coefficient. We obtain some sufficient criteria for oscillatory behaviour. In particular, the results are new even when n=2 and there are few results in the case of p is an oscillatory function

A cycloaddition product of a chiral maleimide: 4-{(3aS*,6aS*)-4,6-dioxo-1-phenyl-5-[(1R)-1-phenyl­ethyl]-1,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexa­hydro­pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-3-yl}phenyl acetate

In the title mol­ecule, C27H23N3O4, the two central five-membered rings form a dihedral angle of 63.66 (4)°. The absolute configuration was determined by analysis of Bijvoet pairs based on resonant scattering of light atoms, yielding a Hooft parameter y = −0.10 (7)

(3aR,6aR)-1-Phenyl-5-[(R)-1-phenyl­ethyl]-3-[4-(trifluoro­meth­yl)phen­yl]-1,6a-dihydro­pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6(3aH,5H)-dione

In the title mol­ecule, C26H20F3N3O2, the two central five-membered rings form a dihedral angle of 62.94 (8)°. The absolute configuration was determined by analysis of Bijvoet pairs based on resonant scattering of light atoms, yielding a Hooft parameter y = −0.05 (11). Notable intra- and inter­molecular contacts include C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds

Metropolis Resepsiyon Salonu Mozaikleri Üzerindeki Balık ve Kuş Figürleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme / Analysis of Bird and Fish Figures on the Reception Hall Mosaics of Metropolis Theatre

Abstract 7.00 x 8.25 m. measured place which is located between housing ruins in the eastern part of the Metropolis Theatre is called reception hall. This place decorated with colorful mosaics and wall paintings also having a good handcrafted floor is dated back to Roman Empire period. Besides Dionysos, Ariadne, Meinad, and Eros holding a wineglass figures related with Dionysos cult on the mosaic; theatre masks, fish and bird figures all together demonstrate that it could be used as a banquet hall for official invitations during theatre plays.  These fish and bird figures have great importance to analyze the nutrition habits of antique cities, especially metropolis, which has few materials that could be read. The various fish and bird figures on the reception hall were examined by expert zoologists to try to identify the factors such as, this fish and birds’ species, their habitats and if they were eatable or not. The paper also tries to find out the nutrition habits of Metropolis community using the found data from ancient sources and obtained from this research. Öz Metropolis tiyatrosunun doğusunda konut kalıntıları arasında 7.00 x 8.25 m. Ölçülerindeki mekân Resepsiyon Salonu olarak adlandırılmaktadır.  Tabanı oldukça iyi bir işçilik gösteren renkli mozaiklerle ve duvar resimleri ile bezenmiş mekân Roma Dönemine tarihlenmektedir. Mozaik üzerinde Dionysos, Ariadne, Meinad ve elinde içki kadehi tutan (kantharos) Eros figürleri gibi Dionysos kültü ile ilişkili figürlerinin yanı sıra tiyatro masklarının, balık ve kuş figürlerinin yer alması, buranın tiyatro gösterileri sırasında resmi davetlerin verildiği ziyafet salonu olarak kullanıldığını düşündürtmektedir. Bu balık ve kuş figürlerinin, özellikle okunabilir maddi kalıntıların az olduğu Metropolis gibi antik kentlerdeki toplumların beslenme anlayışının çözümlenmesinde büyük öneme sahiptir. Resepsiyon Salonu mozaiklerindeki çeşitli balık ve kuş figürleri uzman zoologlarla incelenerek balıklar ve kuşların türleri, yaşam alanları ve yenilip yenilmediği gibi unsurlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler antik kaynaklardaki bilgiler ve ortaya çıkartılan buluntular ile birleştirilerek Metropolis toplumunun beslenme şekli anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır

Characterization and purification of alkaline phosphatase from Elephas trogontherii (Steppe elephant) bone

182-185Four isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (AP) were purified from Elephas trogontherii (Steppe elephant) from different locations in the bone (outer and inner peripheral, cytosolic, and integral) using Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and TEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography. The specimen was obtained from Erzurum Museum and its age was approx. 0.3-0.5 million years old. No fungi or bacteria were present in the bone sample. The enzyme activity was determined by using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. SDS-PAGE of all the isozymes gave a single band at the same location. The molecular mass of the four isozymes as determined by using gel filtration was about 60 kDa. Optimum pHs for the four isozymes were between 8-8.5. The optimum temperatures of the isozymes were: outer peripheral, 37.5ºC, cytosolic, 37.5ºC, inner peripheral, 35ºC and integral, 40ºC. The values of Vmax and Km, as well different optimum temperatures indicated that isozymes were structurally different

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition by sildenafil citrate in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis

Sildenafil, a selective and potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)5, has a relaxant effect on the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles supplying the human corpus cavernosum acting via nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of sildenafil citrate on the extent of tissue integrity, oxidant-antioxidant status and neutrophil infiltration to the inflamed organ in a rat model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Lung fibrosis was induced by intratracheal administration of 0.1 ml of bleomycin hydrochloride (5 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCl) under anesthesia to Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g; n =7-8 per group). Control rats received an equal volume of saline intratracheally. In the treatment groups, the rats were treated with either sildenafil citrate (10 mg/kg per day; subcutaneously) or saline for 14 days. Another group of rats were administered subcutaneously with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg/kg in 0.9% NaCI) 5 min after sildenafil injections. After decapitation, the lungs were excised and taken for microscopic evaluation or stored for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and for the assessment of apoptosis. Trunk blood was collected for the assessment of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (1)-1 beta levels. In the group with lung fibrosis, the lung tissue was characterized by microscopic lesions, increased lipid peroxidation with a concomitant reduction in GSH content, increased MPO activity and apoptosis. Serum TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta levels were higher in the lung fibrosis group compared to control values. Sildenafil reversed tissue MDA levels, MPO activity and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and preserved GSH content although its effect on the extent of tissue lesion and apoptosis was not statistically significant. Treatment with L-NAME reversed the effect of sildenafil on GSH content. In conclusion, sildenafil citrate administration to rats with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis seems to be beneficial via prevention of lipid peroxidation, cytokine production and/or release and neutrophil accumulation. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Fabrication and characterization of copper nanoparticles anchored on sulfonated reduced graphene oxide as effective catalyst for the reduction of Thioflavine-T cationic dye in aqueous medium

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