The effect of melatonin on bacterial translocation following ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of superior mesenteric artery occlusion

Background: Acute mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening vascular emergency resulting in tissue destruction due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Melatonin, the primary hormone of the pineal gland, is a powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including the hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, as well as singlet oxygen, and nitric oxide. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether melatonin prevents harmful effects of superior mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion on intestinal tissues in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into three groups, each having 10 animals. In group I, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was isolated but not occluded. In group II and group III, the SMA was occluded immediately distal to the aorta for 60 minutes. After that, the clamp was removed and the reperfusion period began. In group III, 30 minutes before the start of reperfusion, 10 mg/kg melatonin was administered intraperitonally. All animals were sacrified 24 hours after reperfusion. Tissue samples were collected to evaluate the I/R-induced intestinal injury and bacterial translocation (BT). Results: There was a statistically significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels and in the incidence of bacterial translocation in group II, along with a decrease in glutathione levels. These investigated parameters were found to be normalized in melatonin treated animals (group III). Conclusion: We conclude that melatonin prevents bacterial translocation while precluding the harmful effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury on intestinal tissues in a rat model of superior mesenteric artery occlusion. © 2015 Ozban et al.; licensee BioMed Central

Comparison of Inflammation Biomarkers among Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Groups: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: The Global Initiative classification (GOLD) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which relies on the practical issues of treatment of this complex and heterogeneous disease, may not be reliable in predicting disease severity and prognosis as the term of inflammation is excluded from the definition. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine systemic inflammatory markers in GOLD ABCD groups and to compare these parameters according to clinical and functional features. Methods: The study included 60 COPD patients and 59 healthy subjects. Comparisons were made with the pulmonary function test, transthoracic echocardiography and the six‑minute walk test (6MWT). The COPD assessment test (CAT), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), and index scores of body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) were recorded. The systemic inflammatory state was assessed using C‑reactive protein, fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF‑α), interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8 and IL‑18. Results: The levels of all serum inflammatory markers were higher in the COPD group than in the control group. TNF‑α and IL‑6 were significantly higher in the symptomatic groups (B and D) than in the less symptomatic groups (A and C) (P < 0.05). Spirometric parameters were more severe in Group D, followed by groups C, B and A, respectively. The 6MWT and the BODE scores were worst in Group D, followed by groups B, C and A. Conclusion: The results suggest that bronchodilator treatment alone might be insufficient in Group B patients, as the systemic inflammatory markers in addition to exercise capacity and mortality predictors were at the worst level in Groups D and B

CYTOSOL AND SERUM FERRITIN IN BREAST-CARCINOMA

This study was undertaken to determine tissue and serum ferritin levels in different stages of breast carcinoma. Eighty-nine cases have been evaluated, the groups investigated being breast carcinoma, benign breast disease and healthy controls. Ferritin levels in both the sera and the tissue cytosols were measured by an enzyme immunoassay method, while total proteins were assayed by Lowry's procedure and the ferritin concentrations given in ng ferritin/mg cytosol protein. No significant difference has been determined for serum ferritin between any of the groups studied, while the tissue cytosol ferritins were found to be 91.6 +/- 50.9, 565.0 +/- 48.3, 142.7 +/- 93.3, 683.3 +/- 212.9 and 655.5 +/- 100.4 ng/mg cytosol protein for the benign, malign (global), malign (stage 1), malign (stage II) and malign (stage 111) groups, respectively. The differences between the malign groups and the benign group were found to be highly significant (P < 0.001) except for the stage I subgroup, which was fairly significant (P < 0.05). A sensitivity of 90 % was evaluated for tissue cytosol ferritin in breast carcinoma, the 'intra-patient' sensitivity being 100 %. In conclusion, we state that tissue ferritin is more valuable than serum ferritin as a tumour marker of diagnosis for breast carcinoma

in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ibuprofen on the healing of esophagus and the prevention of stricture development after esophageal caustic injuries in rats.Rats were divided into three groups as: group 1(sham), group 2(esophageal burn injury), group 3(injury + ibuprofen). In groups 2 and 3, a standard esophageal burn injury was created by applying 10% NaOH solution to distal esophagus of about 3 cm. To rats in the sham group, isotonic solution was given instead of NaOH. Ibuprofen (90 mg/kg/day) was given via oral route to group 3 rats. Normal saline as placebo was given via the same route to rats in groups 1 and 2. 28 days later, all the live rats were killed. The distal esophageal segments of all rats were removed and divided into two equal parts for biochemical and histopathologic examination. In the tissue samples, biochemically hydroxyproline and histopathologically collagen content and stenosis indices were evaluated for efficacy of treatment.The hydroxyproline level (mu g/mg wet tissue) in the groups was 1.54 +/- A 0.08, 4.82 +/- A 0.60, and 3.28 +/- A 0.27, respectively. The hydroxyproline level increased significantly in group 2 compared with group 1 (P < 0.01). Although the hydroxyproline level was significantly increased in group 3 compared with group 1, it decreased significantly in group 3 compared with group 2 (P < 0.05) by treatment of ibuprofen. In group 3, the collagen content score (1.50 +/- A 0.26) was significantly lower than in group 2 (2.62 +/- A 0.37) (P < 0.05). The stenosis index was found as 0.37 +/- A 0.02 in group 1, 0.84 +/- A 0.02 in group 2, and 0.67 +/- A 0.03 in group 3. The stenosis index in group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 and group 3 (P < 0.01). Although the stenosis index was significantly higher than in group 1, a significant decrease in stenosis index was found in group 3 compared with group 2, by ibuprofen treatment (P < 0.01).Based on these results, we concluded that the treatment with ibuprofen in acute phase esophageal burn injury has beneficial effects on healing of esophagus and may decrease the stricture formation. For these reasons, ibuprofen may effectively be used in the acute phase treatment of caustic esophagus injury and after esophageal dilatation procedures

Rats

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Inflammation and oxidative injury play an important role in the pathogenesis of BPD. Resveratrol is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, the histopathological and biochemical effects of resveratrol on a hyperoxia-induced lung injury model in newborn rats were investigated.Methods: The experiment was performed on newborn rat pups from the 3rd to 13th postnatal day and they were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (air-exposed saline, n = 10), Group 2 (air-exposed resveratrol, n = 11), Group 3 (hyperoxia-exposed + saline, n = 6) and Group 4 (hyperoxia-exposed + resveratrol, n = 7). Resveratrol was administered (30 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally. The histopathological effects of resveratrol on lung tissue were assessed by alveolar surface area, fibrosis, and smooth muscle actin (SMA) score, and the biochemical effects on Lung tissue were assessed by glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (INF-alpha), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) levels.Results: The alveolar surface area, fibrosis, SMA score, and NO levels were found to be significantly higher in Group 3 compared with Group 1 (p < 0.05). In addition, it was found that resveratrol treatment significantly reduced the SMA score and the NO and TNF-alpha levels, and increased the GSH and SOD levels in the hyperoxia group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: This experimental study showed that oxidative stress and NO contributed to the pathogenesis of hyperoxia-induced lung injury, and that resveratrol had a preventive effect on hyperoxic lung injury through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Copyright (C) 2014, Taiwan Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved

Protective effects of ibuprofen against caustic esophageal burn injury in rats.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ibuprofen on the healing of esophagus and the prevention of stricture development after esophageal caustic injuries in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups as: group 1(sham), group 2(esophageal burn injury), group 3(injury + ibuprofen). In groups 2 and 3, a standard esophageal burn injury was created by applying 10% NaOH solution to distal esophagus of about 3 cm. To rats in the sham group, isotonic solution was given instead of NaOH. Ibuprofen (90 mg/kg/day) was given via oral route to group 3 rats. Normal saline as placebo was given via the same route to rats in groups 1 and 2. 28 days later, all the live rats were killed. The distal esophageal segments of all rats were removed and divided into two equal parts for biochemical and histopathologic examination. In the tissue samples, biochemically hydroxyproline and histopathologically collagen content and stenosis indices were evaluated for efficacy of treatment. RESULTS: The hydroxyproline level (microg/mg wet tissue) in the groups was 1.54 +/- 0.08, 4.82 +/- 0.60, and 3.28 +/- 0.27, respectively. The hydroxyproline level increased significantly in group 2 compared with group 1 (P < 0.01). Although the hydroxyproline level was significantly increased in group 3 compared with group 1, it decreased significantly in group 3 compared with group 2 (P < 0.05) by treatment of ibuprofen. In group 3, the collagen content score (1.50 +/- 0.26) was significantly lower than in group 2 (2.62 +/- 0.37) (P < 0.05). The stenosis index was found as 0.37 +/- 0.02 in group 1, 0.84 +/- 0.02 in group 2, and 0.67 +/- 0.03 in group 3. The stenosis index in group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 and group 3 (P < 0.01). Although the stenosis index was significantly higher than in group 1, a significant decrease in stenosis index was found in group 3 compared with group 2, by ibuprofen treatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we concluded that the treatment with ibuprofen in acute phase esophageal burn injury has beneficial effects on healing of esophagus and may decrease the stricture formation. For these reasons, ibuprofen may effectively be used in the acute phase treatment of caustic esophagus injury and after esophageal dilatation procedures

Protective Effect of Vitamin E on Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats with Biliary Obstruction

Patients with liver disease display increased susceptibility to gastric mucosal damage. A role of free radicals has been suggested in the development of gastric mucosal damage in normal subjects. The effects of antioxidant vitamin E treatment on the liver and stomach in cirrhotic rats were examined. Fifty rats were divided into three groups. Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation in 40 of 50 rats. Controls underwent a sham operation. Gastric mucosal lesions were produced by intragastric administration of 1 mL of 95% ethanol in all three groups. Twenty bile duct-ligated rats were injected intramuscularly with vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day). Liver and stomach histology, and stomach malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were determined. Portal hypertension was measured. Macroscopic and microscopic gastric mucosal injury were significantly greater in the control and common bile duct-ligated groups than in the vitamin E-pretreated group (P<0.05). The tissue malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the vitamin E-administrated group compared with the common bile duct-ligated group (P<0.001). Vitamin E administration may be cytoprotective for both the liver and gastric mucosa in bile duct-ligated rats