Mangrove forests submitted to depositional processes and salinity variation investigated using satellite images and vegetation structure surveys

The current paper examines the growth and spatio-temporal variation of mangrove forests in response to depositional processes and different salinity conditions. Data from mangrove vegetation structure collected at permanent plots and satellite images were used. In the northern sector important environmental changes occurred due to an artificial channel producing modifications in salinity. The southern sector is considered the best conserved mangrove area along the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. Landsat TM5 images from 1997 and 2010 were processed using Geographical Information Systems. Supervised classifications complemented by visual interpretations and ground truth were used to map mangrove areas in both periods. In each permanent plot, all plants were identified and tree diameter, height, and incidence of associated species were recorded. Mean height, basal area dominance, and stem density were also assessed. In the southern sector of the study area, digital image analysis revealed shoreline progradation and mangrove establishment. These sites have demonstrated both vegetation growth and extension. In the northern sector, the satellite image analysis revealed an increase of depositional areas. An important number of associated freshwater plants were observed, inhibiting the establishment of mangrove seedlings or growth of saplings. Despite the high sedimentation rate, which enables mangrove colonization, the low salinity exerts indirect negative influence on mangrove development, considering that it creates good conditions to macrophytes reproduction. Coastal planning requires that the spatial differences be recognized as unique sub-systems due to the hydrodynamic complexity. Both on-theground monitoring of the vegetation structure and space-borne remote sensing are important tools to support coastal zone management

Recuperação de manguezais: um estudo de caso na baixada santista de São Paulo, Brasil

We wanted to know about the possibility of mangrove recovery in Cubatão, Baixada Santista, São Paulo. We planted propagules and transplanted seedlings of Rhizophora mangle in three experiment stands in Cubatão. The results showed higher survival and development in two stands. After, we made preliminaries plantations with another specie of mangrove Laguncularia racemosa. Then, we and local fisherman community planted R. mangle in bigger stands. The results and conclusions of this job are important for contribute politics of development and preservation in Baixada Santista, São Paulo.We wanted to know about the possibility of mangrove recovery in Cubatão, Baixada Santista, São Paulo. We planted propagules and transplanted seedlings of Rhizophora mangle in three experiment stands in Cubatão. The results showed higher survival and development in two stands. After, we made preliminaries plantations with another specie of mangrove Laguncularia racemosa. Then, we and local fisherman community planted R. mangle in bigger stands. The results and conclusions of this job are important for contribute politics of development and preservation in Baixada Santista, São Paulo

Analysis of mangrove forest succession, using sediment cores: A case study in the cananéia -iguape coastal system, São Paulo-Brazil

Sediment cores are an essential tool for the analysis of the dynamics of mangrove succession. Coring was used to correlate changes in depositional environments and lateral sedimentary facies with discrete stages of forest succession at the Cananeia-Iguape Coastal System in southeastern Brazil. A local level successional pattern was examined based on four core series T1) a sediment bank; T2) a smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora bank; T3) an active mangrove progradation fringe dominated by Laguncularia racemosa, and; T4) a mature mangrove forest dominated by Avicennia schaueriana. Cores were macroscopically described in terms of color, texture, sedimentary structure and organic components. The base of all cores exhibited a similar pattern suggesting common vertical progressive changes in depositional conditions and subsequent successional colonization pattern throughout the forest. The progradation zone is an exposed bank, colonized by S. alterniflora. L. racemosa, replaces S. alterniflora as progradation takes place. As the substrate consolidates A. schaueriana replaces L. racemosa and attains the greatest structural development in the mature forest. Cores collected within the A. schaueriana dominated stand contained S. alterniflora fragments near the base, confirming that a smooth cordgrass habitat characterized the establishment and early seral stages. Cores provide a reliable approach to describe local-level successional sequences in dynamic settings subject to drivers operating on multiple temporal and spatial scales where spatial heterogeneity can lead to multiple equilibria and where similar successional end-points may be reached through convergent paths