High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Observations of the PDR Emission in the NGC2023 Reflection Nebula with SOFIA and APEX

We have mapped the NGC 2023 reflection nebula in [CII] and CO(11--10) with the heterodyne receiver GREAT on SOFIA and obtained slightly smaller maps in 13CO(3--2), CO(3--2), CO(4--3), CO(6--5), and CO(7--6) with APEX in Chile. We use these data to probe the morphology, kinematics, and physical conditions of the C II region, which is ionized by FUV radiation from the B2 star HD37903. The [CII] emission traces an ellipsoidal shell-like region at a position angle of ~ -50 deg, and is surrounded by a hot molecular shell. In the southeast, where the C II region expands into a dense, clumpy molecular cloud ridge, we see narrow and strong line emission from high-J CO lines, which comes from a thin, hot molecular shell surrounding the [CII] emission. The [CII] lines are broader and show photo evaporating gas flowing into the C II region. Based on the strength of the [13CII] F=2--1 line, the [CII] line appears to be somewhat optically thick over most of the nebula with an optical depth of a few. We model the physical conditions of the surrounding molecular cloud and the PDR emission using both RADEX and simple PDR models. The temperature of the CO emitting PDR shell is ~ 90 -- 120 K, with densities of 10^5 -- 10^6 cm^-3, as deduced from RADEX modeling. Our PDR modeling indicates that the PDR layer where [CII] emission dominates has somewhat lower densities, 10^4 to a few times 10^5 cm^-3Comment: Accepted by A&

The thermal state of molecular clouds in the Galactic Center: evidence for non-photon-driven heating

We used the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) 12 m telescope to observe the J_KaKc=3_03-2_02, 3_22-2_21, and 3_21-2_20 transitions of para-H_2CO at 218 GHz simultaneously to determine kinetic temperatures of the dense gas in the central molecular zone (CMZ) of our Galaxy. The map extends over approximately 40 arcmin x 8 arcmin (~100x20 pc^2) along the Galactic plane with a linear resolution of 1.2 pc. The strongest of the three lines, the H_2CO (3_03-2_02) transition, is found to be widespread, and its emission shows a spatial distribution similar to ammonia. The relative abundance of para-H_2CO is 0.5-1.2 10^{-9}, which is consistent with results from lower frequency H_2CO absorption lines. Derived gas kinetic temperatures for individual molecular clouds range from 50 K to values in excess of 100 K. While a systematic trend toward (decreasing) kinetic temperature versus (increasing) angular distance from the Galactic center (GC) is not found, the clouds with highest temperature (T_kin > 100 K) are all located near the nucleus. For the molecular gas outside the dense clouds, the average kinetic temperature is 65+/-10 K. The high temperatures of molecular clouds on large scales in the GC region may be driven by turbulent energy dissipation and/or cosmic-rays instead of photons. Such a non-photon-driven thermal state of the molecular gas provides an excellent template for the more distant vigorous starbursts found in ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs).Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, A&A in pres

HIFI Spectroscopy of H2O{\rm H_2O} submm Lines in Nuclei of Actively Star Forming Galaxies

We present a systematic survey of multiple velocity-resolved H$_2$O spectra using Herschel/HIFI towards nine nearby actively star forming galaxies. The ground-state and low-excitation lines (E$_{\rm up}\,\le 130\,{\rm K}$) show profiles with emission and absorption blended together, while absorption-free medium-excitation lines ($130\,{\rm K}\, \le\, E_{\rm up}\,\le\,350\,{\rm K}$) typically display line shapes similar to CO. We analyze the HIFI observation together with archival SPIRE/PACS H$_2$O data using a state-of-the-art 3D radiative transfer code which includes the interaction between continuum and line emission. The water excitation models are combined with information on the dust- and CO spectral line energy distribution to determine the physical structure of the interstellar medium (ISM). We identify two ISM components that are common to all galaxies: A warm ($T_{\rm dust}\,\sim\,40-70\,{\rm K}$), dense ($n({\rm H})\,\sim\,10^5-10^6\,{\rm cm^{-3}}$) phase which dominates the emission of medium-excitation H$_2$O lines. This gas phase also dominates the FIR emission and the CO intensities for $J_{\rm up} > 8$. In addition a cold ($T_{\rm dust}\,\sim\,20-30\,{\rm K}$), dense ($n({\rm H})\sim\,10^4- 10^5\,{\rm cm^{-3}}$) more extended phase is present. It outputs the emission in the low-excitation H$_2$O lines and typically also produces the prominent line absorption features. For the two ULIRGs in our sample (Arp 220 and Mrk 231) an even hotter and more compact (R$_s\,\le\,100$ pc) region is present which is possibly linked to AGN activity. We find that collisions dominate the water excitation in the cold gas and for lines with $E_{\rm up}\le300\,{\rm K}$ and $E_{\rm up}\le800\,{\rm K}$ in the warm and hot component, respectively. Higher energy levels are mainly excited by IR pumping.Comment: Accepted by ApJ, in pres

Rehabilitation program for inmates : (convicts and pre-trial detainees) with mental and behavioral disorders due to use of psychoactive substances for the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine

En cubierta: This Manual is funded by the EU-ACT ProjectResumen: Los sistemas penitenciarios modernos manejan poblaciones de un tamaño significativo. Internos de la prisión, tanto hombres como mujeres, son individuos especiales con vulnerabilidades severas en diferentes áreas de su personalidad. Los delincuentes tienden a presentar con frecuencia un historial de uso de sustancias y trastorno mental. trastorno. Los sistemas penitenciarios deben hacer frente a la ejecución de penas de prisión de personas con necesidades específicas de tratamiento. A hacer frente de manera adecuada a estas necesidades es un asunto de salud pública, y promueve una ejecución humana de las penas de prisión

Sprinkler irrigation-pesticide best management systems

The relative reduction in potential groundwater contamination due to pesticides at several sites in Utah was determined by comparing alternative irrigation system designs, water management practices, and pesticides. Alternative sprinkler irrigation distribution coefficients were used to estimate irrigation application depths. The movement of pesticides through soils following sprinkler irrigations was simulated with a one-dimensional model. Pesticide contamination of groundwater can be reduced by careful selection of pesticides, using properly designed irrigation systems, and improved water management techniques. Procedures for selecting an appropriate sprinkler system design and pesticide are presented. KEYWORDS. Pesticides, Leaching, Sprinkler irrigation, Irrigation depth, Irrigation system design, Soil, Water management

How does curve sprint evolve across different age categories in soccer players?

: Research has shown that soccer players regularly execute curved sprints during matches. The purpose of this study was to determine the age-related effects on curve sprint (CS) performance to both sides, asymmetry, and association with linear sprint (LS). Eighty-four soccer players (aged 16.1 ± 1.6 categorized in U15, U17, and U20) were recruited, who performed CS and LS tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and effect size (ES) were used to compare CS performance between age categories, and relationships between physical performance measures were calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The main findings of this study were that: 1) there were significant differences in the “good” side CS among age groups (p < 0.001; ES from moderate to large), but not in the “weak” side CS, 2) curve asymmetry was significantly higher in U20 than U15 (p < 0.05; ES large) and U17 players (p < 0.05; ES moderate), and 3) relationships between CS and LS times decreased with age (from significant and very large [p 0.05]). This study highlights the importance of assessing and training CS in different age categories, an action that becomes less correlated with LS as age increases, with the aim of mitigating the increase in asymmetries as a result of the specialization process, focusing interventions mainly on improving the CS “weak” sideThanks to all the participants in this study, to Football Science Institute, and to the soccer clu

Selectivity, nutritive value and resistance to the psyllid insect of Leucaena leucocephala accessions

With the objective of evaluating five accessions of shrub type Leucaena leucocephala, CIAT 7984, 9438, 9443, 17467, and 17492, these were established at the Orupe Farm in Cojedes state. The site is located at 9º 42' N and 68º 26' O at an altitude of 143 m. The plants were transplanted to the field at 4 mo of age in double rows spaced at 50 x 50 cm, with 2 m separation between accessions and blocks, at a density of 16 000 plants/ha. A uniformity cutting at 50 cm height was done 5 mo after transplanting. Only the 26 central plants of each plot were harvested for evaluation. The variables measured were: dry matter yield, chemical composition, bovine selectivity and resistance to the psyllid insect (Heteropsyla cubana). Statistical analysis was by ANOV and Tuckey Test. The general mean of DM yield per cutting was 1039 kg/ha and the accesions did no differ (P&gt;.05). Condensed tannin content varied (P&lt;.01) between accessions and ranged from 3.2 to 6.4%. There were also differences (P&lt;.05) in contents of protein, phosphorous, and acid detergent fiber, for which overall means were 26.4, 0.22 and 31.7%, respectively, but not (P&gt;.05) in neutral detergent fiber (41.9%). Reaction to the psyllid insect varied between accessions and was least in CIAT 17467. However, the psyllid population changed between evaluation dates and was less at the end of the experiment, which was associated with the presence of beneficial insects. The animals consumed more of accessions CIAT 9438 and CIAT 17467, in spite of their higher tannin contents. These accesions are recommended for further evaluation

Nos Don Antonio Tavira y Almazán por la gracia de Dios, y de la Santa Sede Apostólica, Obispo de Salamanca, del Consejo de S.M. &c. á todos los fieles de nuestra Diocesi[sic], y señaladamente á todos los naturales y vecinos de esta ciudad ... No habiamos juzgado necesario haceros prevencion alguna ... sobre el modo con que debiais recibir y tratar à las tropas de una nacion unida con la nuestra en firme alianza ..

Contiene además: [Carta de D'Arbois, Comandante Ayudante del Cuartel General de Ciudad Rodrigo, agradeciendo al Obispo la carta pastoral con motivo de la entrada de las tropas francesas en España]Tít. tomado del principio del textoTexto fechado en Salamanca á 4 de junio de 1801Adorno tip. antes del text

Juridicos flosculos ex tribus N. Imperatoris Justiniani lib. ad Palestram depromptos, ...

Cartel anunciador de la disertaciónCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 2016Fecha en tít. : 1776Texto enmarcado en grab. calc.Grab. calc. de águila bicéfala:"D. Joachimus Rodriguez de Munera, Inventor. Alagarda d. et sculp. Oriolae. P.C. Tip.