The social biography of antibiotic use in smallholder dairy farms in India

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the major threats to global health, food security and development today. While there has been considerable attention about the use and misuse of antibiotics amongst human populations in both research and policy environments, there is no definitive estimate of the extent of misuse of antibiotics in the veterinary sector and its contribution to AMR in humans. In this study, we explored the drivers ofirrational usage of verterinary antibiotics in the dairy farming sector in peri-urban India. Methods and materials The study was conducted in the peri-urban belts of Ludhiana, Guwahati and Bangalore. A total of 54 interviews (formal and non-formal) were carried out across these three sites. Theme guides were developed to explore different drivers of veterinary antimicrobial use. Data was audio recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the coded data set was carried out using AtlasTi. Version 7. Themes emerged inductively from the set of codes. Results Findings were presented based on concept of ‘levels of analyses’. Emergent themes were categorised as individual, health systems, and policy level drivers. Low level of knowledge related to antibiotics among farmers, active informal service providers, direct marketing of drugs to the farmers and easily available antibiotics, dispensed without appropriate prescriptions contributed to easy access to antibiotics, and were identified to be the possible drivers contributing to the non-prescribed and self-administered use of antibiotics in the dairy farms. Conclusions Smallholding dairy farmers operated within very small margins of profits. The paucity of formal veterinary services at the community level, coupled with easy availability of antibiotics and the need to ensure profits and minimise losses, promoted non-prescribed antibiotic consumption. It is essential that these local drivers of irrational antibiotic use are understood in order to develop interventions and policies that seek to reduce antibiotic misuse

Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-delta thick films on Ba2RETaO6 (RE=Pr, Nd, Eu, and Dy) substrates

Thick films of YBa2Cu3O7-delta fabricated on polycrystalline Ba2RETaO6 (where RE= Pr, Nd, Eu, and Dy) substrates by dip-coating and partial melting techniques are textured and c-axis oriented, showing predominantly (00l) orientation. All the thick films show a superconducting zero resistance transition of 90 K. SEM studies clearly indicate platelike and needlelike grain growth over a wide area of the thick films. The values of the critical current density for these thick films are similar to 10(4) A/cm(2) at 77 K as determined by the nonresonant R.F. absorption method. Various processing conditions that affect the critical current density of thick films are also discussed

A Convenient Synthesis of Dithiolane and Benzyloximates Derivatives for Ligand Studies

We report the synthesis of new aromatic derivatives containing the 1,3-dithiolane ether and benzyloximino moiety which are attached by simple alkylation and esterification reaction by treating 1,3-dithiolane-2-methanol and a-benzyloximino acid chloride respectively with various aromatic halides and alcohols, respectively. The isolated yields of these compounds range from 65 to 85%. 1,3-dithiolane ether and the benzyloxy substituted hydroquinone are white solids or residual oil and stable to air and moisture. </p

Non-resonant rf absorption evidence for reentrant melting of vortex lattice in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals

We have studied the magnetic field dependent rf (20 MHz) losses in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals in the low field and high temperature regime. Above HCl the dissipation begins to decrease as the field is increased and exhibits a minimum at HM>HCl. For H>HM the loss increases monotonically. We attribute the decrease in loss above HCl to the stiffening of the vortex lines due to the attractive electromagnetic interaction between the 2D vortices (that comprise the vortex line at low fields) in adjacent CuO bilayers. The minimum at HM implies that the vortex lines are stiffest and hence represents a transition into vortex solid state from the narrow vortex liquid in the vicinity of HCl. The increase in loss for H>HM marks the melting of the vortex lattice and hence a second transition into vortex liquid regime. We discuss our results in the light of recent theory of reentrant melting of the vortex lattice by G. Blatter et al. (Phys. Rev. B 54, 72 (1996))

Role of magnetic field modulation in causing the fine structure of non-resonant microwave/rf absorption in HTSC

The fine structure in non-resonant microwave/rf absorption, hitherto observed in HTSC single crystals, are also observed in thin films. It is strongly dependent on the amplitude and frequency of magnetic field modulation and is absent when frequency modulation is used instead. Arguments are presented to show that magnetic field modulation also causes fluxon nucleation that is responsible for the fine structure

A Convenient Synthesis and Spectral Studies of Diamines Derivatives

A new series of substituted anthranilic esters derivatives linked with a 1,3-dithiolane andbenzyloximino moiety was synthesized using the simple esterfication reaction and products werefully characterized. The isolated yields of these compounds range from 59 to 96%. 1,3-dithiolane ester and the benzyloxy substituted diamine derivatives are white solids and stable toair and moisture. The synthesized compounds can be exhibits UV-vis absorption properties bytheir structures with a amine or amide group, It is observed that absorption maximum is excellentfor 2,6-disubstituted benzyloxy esters which can be explained by electron transfer or conjugationis steric effect in ortho substitution from the amino group and the amide group.</div

Competition between josephson and electromagnetic interactions in Bi<SUB>2</SUB>Si<SUB>2</SUB>CaCu<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB> single crystals

We have studied the low magnetic field, high-temperature region of the H-T phase diagram of Bi2Si2CaCu2O8 (Bi2212) single crystals by measuring magnetic field (H || c) induced rf(Hrf || a) dissipation in the mixed state. Normally the rf power loss P(H) versus H in a superconductor increases with the increase in the field with a minimum at H = 0. However, in Bi2212 the rf loss initially decreases with increasing field, shows a minimum at a certain field HM &gt;0and increases continuously beyond HM . We understand the unusual minimum at HM as resulting from a competition between (i) the increasing attractive electromagnetic interaction between the pancake vortices (that constitute the vortex line) in adjacent bilayers with the increasing field and (ii) the decreasing Josephson coupling between the CuO bilayers with the increase in the field. The HM (T) line defines a new boundary in the H-T phase diagram at which the tilt modulus C44 of the 2D vortex stack in Bi2212 is at a maximum. It is found to obey the (1-t2) nbehaviour with the exponent n = 3/2 reminiscent of the predicted behaviour of the melting line

Nonresonant microwave absorption study of intrinsic Josephson coupling in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8Bi_2Sr_2CaCu_2O_8 single crystals

The results of nonresonant microwave absorption (NRMA) studies in Bi2212 single crystals for the $H\Vert c$ axis and $H\Vert ab$ plane are reported. In the former orientation, over a few degrees below $T_c$ , the NRMA signal shapes evolve continuously as a function of temperature. We interpret these results as indicative of rapid strengthening of Josephson coupling between the pancake vortices in the $CuO_2$ bilayers on cooling below $T_c$ . For $H\Vert ab$ there is almost no change in the signal shape in the temperature range studied. In this case, no loss component attributable to Josephson coupling is observed