Ionization states of heavy elements observed in the 1974 May 14-15 anomalous solar particle event

The charge states of heavy ions accelerated in the (3)He-Fe rich solar particle event of 1974 May 14-15 are determined using data from the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-8. In addition to Fe(+11,12) both 0(+5) and Fe(+16,17,18) are also present suggesting variations in coronal temperatures over a range from approximately 400,000 to 5,000,000 K. The presence of 0(+5) and Fe(+16-18) may be explained by a resonant plasma heating mechanism proposed to account for the enhancements of (3)He and Fe

P1 finite element methods for an elliptic state-constrained distributed optimal control problem with Neumann boundary conditions

We investigate two P finite element methods for an elliptic state-constrained distributed optimal control problem with Neumann boundary conditions on general polygonal domains.

Robust nodal superconductivity induced by isovalent doping in Ba(Fe1−x_{1-x}Rux_x)2_2As2_2 and BaFe2_2(As1−x_{1-x}Px_x)2_2

We present the ultra-low-temperature heat transport study of iron-based superconductors Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Ru$_x$)$_2$As$_2$ and BaFe$_2$(As$_{1-x}$P$_x$)$_2$. For optimally doped Ba(Fe$_{0.64}$Ru$_{0.36}$)$_2$As$_2$, a large residual linear term $\kappa_0/T$ at zero field and a $\sqrt{H}$ dependence of $\kappa_0(H)/T$ are observed, which provide strong evidences for nodes in the superconducting gap. This result demonstrates that the isovalent Ru doping can also induce nodal superconductivity, as P does in BaFe$_2$(As$_{0.67}$P$_{0.33}$)$_2$. Furthermore, in underdoped Ba(Fe$_{0.77}$Ru$_{0.23}$)$_2$As$_2$ and heavily underdoped BaFe$_2$(As$_{0.82}$P$_{0.18}$)$_2$, $\kappa_0/T$ manifests similar nodal behavior, which shows the robustness of nodal superconductivity in the underdoped regime and puts constraint on theoretical models.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures - with two underdoped samples added, this paper supersedes arXiv:1106.541

Projection of the demand for fertilizer

노트 : Total consumption of commercial fertilizer in Korea has been increased at a rapid rate during the last two decades. In the period from 1952 to 1961, the consumption of fertilizer was 208 thousand metric tons. In the period from 1962 to 1971, the average consumption was increased to 442 thousand metric tons on the plant nutrient basis per year on the average. During the same period the total area of arable land was not increased, but there was a little increase in the rate of land utilization by the multi-cropping farmers. Therefore, the usage of fertilizer on the unit cultivated area has been doubled during the last two decades. This study proposes to quantify the potential demand for fertilizer by nutrients in Korea for policy making. All of the data used in this study, except land prices and the seed improvement index, are derived from official reports of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. In the time series analysis demand functions of total and individual nutrients are estimated using prices of total and individual nutrients, wage rates, machine prices, cropping acres, and technological changes as explanatory variables from 1960 to 1972 on an annual basis. All prices were constant in 1965. Linear and linear in logarithm equations are estimated under both assumptions of instantaneous quantity adjustment and on the belief that quantity adjustment takes place over time

Connected fragments: an early Hong Kong archaeological collection

During a refurbishment project at the University Museum and Art Gallery of the University of Hong Kong in 2018, a large collection of uncatalogued artefacts was discovered. Between February and September 2021 an internal project team conducted a preliminary review of this material, identifying it as an orphaned collection of bulk archaeological finds, largely from Hong Kong, collected in various excavations from the 1920s to 1967. This article offers an account of this reviewing exercise and provides insights into the histories of the formation and deposition of the collection. By identifying key individuals and the excavations involved, we situate the artefacts within the broader study of the development of archaeology in Hong Kong, and show that they constitute one of the earliest composite archaeological legacy collections in the city

Effect of sintering temperature under high pressure in the uperconductivity for MgB2

We report the effect of the sintering temperature on the superconductivity of MgB2 pellets prepared under a high pressure of 3 GPa. The superconducting properties of the non-heated MgB2 in this high pressure were poor. However, as the sintering temperature increased, the superconducting properties were vastly enhanced, which was shown by the narrow transition width for the resistivity and the low-field magnetizations. This shows that heat treatment under high pressure is essential to improve superconducting properties. These changes were found to be closely related to changes in the surface morphology observed using scanning electron microscopy.Comment: 3 Pages including 3 figure

Renminbi Internationalisation: Precedents and Implications

While it is commonly assumed that there are no known precedents against which to benchmark the internationalisation of the Renminbi (RMB), this paper argues that the PRCs own development experience provides a useful perspective on the internationalisation debate. In particular it indicates that lessons can be learnt from both the successes and the shortcomings of efforts to internationalise the RMB in the 1970s. During this period state-owned banks in Hong Kong played a central role in mobilising finance for foreign trade. Access to Hong Kong’s developed financial institutions allowed the PRC to maximise receipts from foreign trade as well as minimise the risks of undue swings in capital flows. The paper shows that although China no longer faces foreign exchange scarcity, economic reforms have not yet resolved vulnerabilities in China’s financial institutions and as such Hong Kong’s role in mitigating the risk of undue capital swings remains