Power Optimization of Combinational Quaternary Logic Circuits

Design of the binary logic circuits is restricted by the need of the interconnections. Interconnections increase delay, area and energy consumption in CMOS digital circuits. A possible solution could be here at by using a bigger set of signals over the same chip area. Multiple-valued logic can decrease the average power required for level transitions and reduces the number of necessary interconnections. In this paper we design various combinational circuits using quaternary logic. Various combinational circuit such as multi valued logic full adder using unique encoding technique, quaternary encoder and quaternary multiplexer. This design is target to reduce the transistor used to implement the circuit and dropping the power dissipation. Power optimization is achieved using MTCMOS technique. Simulation has been done in Tanner 13 EDA tool on BSIM3 180 nm CMOS Technology. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15026

Using single quantum states as spin filters to study spin polarization in ferromagnets

By measuring electron tunneling between a ferromagnet and individual energy levels in an aluminum quantum dot, we show how spin-resolved quantum states can be used as filters to determine spin-dependent tunneling rates. We also observe magnetic-field-dependent shifts in the magnet's electrochemical potential relative to the dot's energy levels. The shifts vary between samples and are generally smaller than expected from the magnet's spin-polarized density of states. We suggest that they are affected by field-dependent charge redistribution at the magnetic interface.Comment: 4 pages, 1 color figur

A genome-wide association study suggests an association of Chr8p21.3 (GFRA2) with diabetic neuropathic pain

BACKGROUND: Neuropathic pain, caused by a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system, is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study is to identify genetic factors contributing to this type of pain in a general diabetic population. METHOD: We accessed the Genetics of Diabetes Audit and Research Tayside (GoDARTS) datasets that contain prescription information and monofilament test results for 9439 diabetic patients, among which 6927 diabetic individuals were genotyped by Affymetrix SNP6.0 or Illumina OmniExpress chips. Cases of neuropathic pain were defined as diabetic patients with a prescription history of at least one of five drugs specifically indicated for the treatment of neuropathic pain and in whom monofilament test result was positive for sensory neuropathy in at least one foot. Controls were individuals who did not have a record of receiving any opioid analgesics. Imputation of non‐genotyped SNPs was performed by IMPUTE2, with reference files from 1000 Genomes Phase I datasets. RESULTS: After data cleaning and relevant exclusions, imputed genotypes of 572 diabetic neuropathic pain cases and 2491 diabetic controls were used in the Fisher's exact test. We identified a cluster in the Chr8p21.3, next to GFRA2 with a lowest p‐value of 1.77 × 10(−7) at rs17428041. The narrow‐sense heritability of this phenotype was 11.00%. CONCLUSION: This genome‐wide association study on diabetic neuropathic pain suggests new evidence for the involvement of variants near GFRA2 with the disorder, which needs to be verified in an independent cohort and at the molecular level

Drug utilization pattern in dermatology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai

Background: Skin diseases are common and cause a huge disease burden globally. Different class of drugs and combinational products are available in dermatology for treatment. Periodic prescription analysis in the form of drug utilization study can improve the quality of prescription and curb the menace of irrational prescribing. Aim and objective of the study were to study the prescribing pattern and drug utilization trends in Dermatology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai.Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted over a period of three months in dermatology department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Navi-Mumbai. A total of 102 adult patients visiting dermatology OPD were included and their prescriptions were analyzed with WHO prescribing indicators and additional indices.Results: Analysis showed that the average number of drugs per prescription was 3.27. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 31.1%. Percentage of drugs prescribed from National Essential drug list (NEDL) was 44.2%. The commonest prescribed drugs were antihistaminics followed by antifungals. Oral tablets were the commonest prescribed dosage form.Conclusions: Antihistaminics and antifungals dominated the prescribing pattern in this study with restraint on polypharmacy, but showed ample scope for improvement to prescribe generic and selection of essential drugs

Successful maternal and fetal outcome in an uncorrected case of tetralogy of fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common congenital heart defect which is associated with systemic cyanosis. Pregnancy and delivery cause dramatic alterations in cardiovascular physiology and pregnancy in women with unrepaired TOF may have a worsening in right to left shunt with an increase of the cyanosis. This possesses an elevated risk of maternal and foetal morbidity and even mortality. We report and discuss a case of a 24 years old Primigravida with uncorrected ToF. A multidisciplinary team was involved in the management of the case with the aim to minimize maternal and foetal complications. The target of the management was to perform adequate maternal surveillance by maintaining an adequate oxygen saturation and good haemoglobin levels and perform timely foetal surveillance tests in the form of Obstetric doppler. A caesarean section was performed at 35 weeks and 5 days of gestation without any maternal or fetal complications. Without optimal obstetrical or medical management, prognosis of pregnancy in patient with uncorrected ToF is poor

DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-IV INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: TERMINALIA ARJUNA, COMMIPHORA MUKUL, GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE, MORINDA CITRIFOLIA, EMBLICA OFFICINALIS

Objective: The present study was designed to screen the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory ability of hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminaliaarjuna, Commiphora mukul, Gymnema sylvestre, Morinda citrifolia, and Emblica officinalis and compare their inhibitory activity with the syntheticDPP-IV inhibitors (Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin). The aim of the study was to identifying indigenous sources of DPP-IV inhibitors for the managementof type II diabetes mellitus as alternatives to their synthetic counterparts.Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of T. arjuna, C. mukul, G. sylvestre, M. citrifolia, E. officinalis and synthetic DPP-IV inhibitors (Sitagliptin andVildagliptin) were tested in vitro for DPP-IV inhibitory activity.Results: The DPP-IV inhibitory activity of synthetic drugs Vildagliptin was found to be 90.42±7.84% and Sitagliptin 84.67±8.21%. The DPP-IVInhibitory activity of T. arjuna was found to be 83.39±7.58%, C. mukul: 92.97± 8.45%, G. sylvestre: 16.98±1.69%, M. citrifolia: 24.64±2.24%, andE. officinalis: 85.95±7.16%. C. mukul extract showed superior inhibitory activity than reference standard drugs (Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin).Conclusion: C. mukul, T. arjuna, and E. officinalis extracts possess significant DPP-IV Inhibitory activity while G. sylvestre and M. citrifolia failed tomarkedly inhibit DPP-IV enzyme.Keywords: Type II diabetes mellitus, Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, Plant extracts, In vitro assay

A Novel Histogram-Based Multi-Threshold Searching Algorithm for Multilevel Color Thresholding

[[abstract]]Image segmentation is an important preliminary process required in object tracking applications. This paper addresses the issue of unsupervised multi‐colour thresholding design for colour‐based multiple objects segmentation. Most of the current unsupervised colour thresholding techniques require adopting a supervised training algorithm or a cluster‐number decision algorithm to obtain optimal threshold values of each colour channel for a colour‐of‐interest. In this paper, a novel unsupervised multi‐threshold searching algorithm is proposed to automatically search the optimal threshold values for segmenting multiple colour objects. To achieve this, a novel ratio‐map image computation method is proposed to efficiently enhance the contrast between colour and non¬colour pixels. The Otsu’s method is then applied to the ratio‐map image to extract all colour objects from the image. Finally, a new histogram‐based multi‐threshold searching algorithm is developed to search the optimal upper‐bound and lower‐bound threshold values of hue, saturation and brightness components for each colour object. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only succeeds in separating all colour objects-of-interest in colour images, but also provides satisfactory colour thresholding results compared with an existing multilevel thresholding method.[[notice]]補正完畢[[incitationindex]]SCI[[incitationindex]]EI[[booktype]]電子版[[booktype]]紙

Prescribing patterns of antimicrobial usage in ophthalmology out patients department at tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Drug utilization provides prescribing behaviors of prescriber. Rational prescribing of antimicrobial drugs plays a crucial role in reducing the antibiotic resistance. The study aim was to analyze the patterns of antimicrobial prescribed ophthalmology outpatient department (OPD) patients.Methods: The study was an observational study completed over a period of 6 months, from July 2014 to December 2014. The study was conducted in Department of Ophthalmology, MGM Medical College, and Hospital Navi Mumbai. A questionnaire was specifically designed factoring patients’ demographical profile, diagnosis of disease, drug regimen.Results: A total 125 prescriptions of patients were analyzed who visited ophthalmology OPD department. Maximum patients belonged to the age group of 41-50 years (27.2%), followed by age group of 31-40 years (25.6%). The proportion of male (59%) patients was more as compared to female patients (41%). Total drug prescribed was 296. Average drug per prescription was 2.36. Among 296 drugs, 144 were antibiotic prescribed. Average antibiotic per prescription was 1.15. Most commonly antibiotic prescribed was moxifloxacin. Most common fixed dose combination (FDC) of antibiotic prescribed was tobramycin plus loteprednol. Among total 125 patients, maximum patients were diagnosed with cataract (25%), followed by meibomitis (12%), conjunctivitis (24%), blephritis (9%), foreign body in eye (12%), psedophakia (10%) and other disease (8%). 96% of antimicrobial were prescribed from essential drug list. The FDC of antimicrobial (40%), fluroquinolone (19%), aminoglycoside (13%), broad spectrum (12%), macrolide (9%), anti-viral (7%) was prescribed. Maximum number of drugs was found in the form eye drops (72%).Conclusion: The present study found that FDC of antibiotic was prescribed maximum. Most common dosage form of prescribed drug was eye drop. Prescription of drugs by brand name was a matter of concern

Mitigating effects of vildagliptin in experimental diabetes with metabolic syndrome

Background: Vildagliptin has multiple beneficial effects reported in isolated studies like anti-diabetic, cardio protective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, there is no experimental evidence presently available with regard to the possible beneficial effects of vildagliptin on attenuating changes observed in metabolic syndrome co-existing with diabetes in experimental rats. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate potential effects of vildagliptin on various components of metabolic syndrome. Also to elucidate the underlying mechanisms: DPP-IV, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant pathways were studied.Methods: A combination of high fat diet (HFD) and low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) 40 mg/kg was used to induce metabolic syndrome co-existing with diabetes mellitus in wistar rats. The HFD were fed to rats for 10 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome. At the end of 3 weeks, diabetes was induced by a single STZ injection (40 mg/kg body weight). Vildagliptin (10 mg/kg) was administered to rat from 5th to 10th weeks daily and various parameters of Diabetes and metabolic syndrome were studied. Also to understand the mechanisms; DPP-IV pathway, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant parameters were studied. Biochemical indices of injury (pancreatic, liver and renal function) and histopathological assessment of injury was evaluated in experimental groups. Immunohistochemistry of pancreas was done to assess beta cell mass.Results: The vildagliptin treatment ameliorated the deleterious effects associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The beneficial effects demonstrated by vildagliptin on various parameters include: anti-diabetic (reduced blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, increased serum insulin, HOMA-β and restoration of pancreatic function), central obesity (reduced body weight, abdominal circumference (AC), thoracic circumference (TC), AC/TC ratio) and hypolipidemic (favourable lipid profile, artherogenic index) activity. A significant restoration of cardiac injury as indicated by CPK-MB levels was observed. In addition, DPP-IV pathway (reduced serum DPP-IV), anti-inflammatory (reduced hs-CRP levels), and antioxidant (reduced MDA) contributed its beneficial effects in diabetes with metabolic syndrome model. The protective effects on heart, pancreas, liver and kidney were confirmed by histopathological report. The immunohistochemical report of pancreas showed preservation of beta cell mass in vildagliptin treated rats.Conclusions: Vildagliptin treatment ameliorates deleterious changes of diabetes with metabolic syndrome. Beneficial effects of vildagliptin can be attributed to hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects