Strongly noncosingular modules

An R-module M is called strongly noncosingular if it has no nonzero Rad-small (cosingular) homomorphic image in the sense of Harada. It is proven that (1) an R-module M is strongly noncosingular if and only if M is coatomic and noncosingular; (2) a right perfect ring R is Artinian hereditary serial if and only if the class of injective modules coincides with the class of (strongly) noncosingular R-modules; (3) absolutely coneat modules are strongly noncosingular if and only if R is a right max ring and injective modules are strongly noncosingular; (4) a commutative ring R is semisimple if and only if the class of injective modules coincides with the class of strongly noncosingular R-modules

Corrosion and wear behaviors of boronized AISI 316L stainless steel

In this study, the effects of a boronizing treatment on the corrosion and wear behaviors of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) were examined. The corrosion behavior of the boronized samples was studied via electrochemical methods in a simulation body fluid (SBF) and the wear behavior was examined using the ball-on-disk wear method. It was observed that the boride layer that formed on the AISI 316L surface had a flat and smooth morphology. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analyses show that the boride layer contained FeB, Fe2B, CrB, Cr2B, NiB, and Ni2B phases. Boride layer thickness increased with an increasing boronizing temperature and time. The boronizing treatment also increased the surface hardness of the AISI 316L. Although there was no positive effect of the coating on the corrosion resistance in the SBF medium. Furthermore, a decrease in the friction coefficient was recorded for the boronized AISI 316L. As the boronizing temperature increased, the wear rate decreased in both dry and wet mediums. As a result, the boronizing treatment contributed positively to the wear resistance by increasing the surface hardness and by decreasing the friction coefficient of the AISI 316L

On developable ruled surfaces of the principle-direction curve

This study is devoted to improve the theory of the developable ruled surfaces in terms of principal-direction curves of any spatial curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space. We obtain the new representation for developable surfaces by slant helices and the useful elements such as pitch, angle of pitch and dral with the help of a new frame {N, C, W}. Furthermore, the investigation is observed under some special cases in terms of the director vector of surface

An analysis of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy complications

Objective: To determine the indications of early and late complications in 224 patients who underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) procedure. Study Design: Observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Karatay University and Medipol University, Turkey, from January 2014 to December 2020. Methodology: Patients' age, gender, primary diseases, PEG indications, morbidity, mortality, and complications were recorded by performing the PEG procedure. Hospitalisation, follow-up periods of the patients, and the re-insertion of PEG were evaluated. Results: The most common indication for PEG tube insertion was nutritional disorder associated with cerebrovascular diseases in 81 (37%) patients. No mortality was perceived due to the PEG tube insertion. However, mortality was observed in 84 (38.4%) patients in the first six months, in 6 (2.7%) patients between the sixth and twelfth month, and in 8 (3.7%) patients after the twelfth month. All these mortalities were attributed to the primary disease. In the early and late periods, complications were observed in the total of 45 (20.4%) patients. Among them, 17 (7.7%) patients experienced early period complications, whereas 28 (12.7%) patients experienced late period complications. Conclusion: Enteral nutrition should be preferred in order to avoid complications of parenteral nutrition in the patients who need long-term nutrition. In enteral nutrition, PEG should be preferred to surgical gastrostomy because it has less morbidity and mortality, can be done at the bedside and outpatiently when necessary, does not require general anesthesia, and is cheaper and practical

Relationship between hematologic parameters and carotid intima media thickness in patients with acute stroke

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. CIMT is one of the predictors of ischemic stroke and is associated with various risk factors. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in subclinical inflammation markers in ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was made of 113 patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular event and treated with intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy. Patients were grouped according to the Oxford Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification under 4 sub-groups and CIMT was measured. In patients with complete blood counts, NLR was obtained by dividing the number of neutrophils by the number of lymphocytes and PLR by dividing the number of platelets by the number of lymphocytes. RESULTS: The subgroups were determined as PACI (36.3%), POCI (32.7%), TACI (18.6%) and LACI (12.4%). A statistically significant difference was determined in NLR value between the subtypes (p=0.004). In the POCI group, NLR was higher than in the PACI and LACI groups (p=0.038, p=0.015; respectively). In the TACI group, a non-significant correlation was found between NLR and right and left CIMT (p = 0.234, p = 0.250, respectively) and between PLR and right and left CIMT (p = 0.198, p = 0.074, respectively). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A significant positive correlation was determined between NLR and CIMT. Similarly, some studies have shown that PLR and carotid stenosis are correlated. There are few studies in literature that examine the distribution of NLR according to OCSP subtypes. Further studies are needed to establish the correlation between CIMT and NLR and PLR in stroke patients

TÜRKİYE VE AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NDE ÜST DÜZEY KAMU GÖREVLİLERİNİN GÖREVDEN ALINMA USULÜ VE DAVALARI

2017 yılındaki Anayasa değişikliği ile üst kademe kamu yöneticilerinin atama usulü de değişmiştir. Bu yöneticilerin atanması Cumhurbaşkanı Kararına bağlanmıştır. 3 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi (CBK) ile üst düzey kamu yöneticilerinin atama usul ve esaslarını belirlenmiştir. Peki, bu görevlere atanan kişilerin görev süreleri dolmadan görevden alınmaları durumunda ne olacaktır? Bu makale bu soruyu incelemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Görevden alınma işlemine karşı başvurulacak itiraz yolu, görevden alma işlemine karşı yargı yolu, mahkeme kararları incelenmiştir. Açılan davalarda birtakım belirsizlikler mevcuttur. Bu makalede, belirtilen belirsizliklerin aydınlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası ve Başkanın görevden alma yetkisi Türkiye’deki usul ile mukayese edilerek Yüksek Mahkemede görülen üst düzey kamu yöneticilerinin görevden alınma davaları incelenmiştir

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of high velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) superalloy coatings on ductile irons

In this study, alloyed and unalloyed ductile irons (DI) were coated with two different Ni-based superalloy materials by HVOF method. Microstructure and phase analyzes of the coatings were performed by using SEM, EDX, XRD methods. The electrochemical corrosion behavior of alloyed and unalloyed DI is investigated in 3.5% (w / v) NaCl solution. As a result of the characterization studies, it was observed that a dense non-porous coating layer of about 80 μm thickness was obtained on the cast iron samples and continuous adhesion was provided between the coating and the substrate. It has been determined that the cast iron coated with AMDRY 9624 contains γ matrix and β intermetallic phases and the coating produced with AMDRY 9951 commercial powder contains only γ phase. As a result of coating process, the corrosion rate of the alloyed and unalloyed spherical graphite cast irons is reduced. Also, the corrosion rate of the coating produced with AMDRY 9951 is higher than the coating produced with AMDRY 9624

Marbled city: a suggestion instead of ‘Islāmic City’

Kavramsallaştırma, gerçek hayattaki karmaşık ilişkiler ağını basitleştirerek soyutlaştırma çabasıdır. Dolayısıyla, bir kavramsallaştırmanın başarısı, gerçekliği açıklayabilme kabiliyetine bağlıdır. Weber’le birlikte başlayan ve Şarkiyatçılar tarafından kullanılmaya devam eden “İslâm şehri” kavramının, Müslümanların yaşadıkları şehirlerin gerçekliğinden kopuk bir kavramsallaştırma çabası olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Zamanla Şarkiyatçılar da “İslâm şehri” kavramına yönelik eleştiriler getirmişlerdir. Ama ilginç bir şekilde kavram, bugüne kadar kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Bu kavramsallaştırmanın iki açıdan sorunlu olduğu görülmektedir: İlki, bu kavramla, Müslümanların yaşadıkları şehirler ideal bir kalıba dökülmektedir. İkincisi, bu kavramsallaştırma üzerinden Müslümanların yaşadıkları şehirlerdeki bütün sorunlar “İslâm”a havale edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, “İslâm şehri” yerine, “ebrû sanatı”ndan hareketle “ebrûlî şehir” kavramsallaştırmasına gidilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Şarkiyatçı bakış açısının standart İslâm şehri kavramsallaştırmaları yerine, içinde barındırdığı etkileşim ve ilintiye bağlı olarak “ebrûlî şehir” üzerinden kavramsal bir öneri geliştirmektir. “Ebrûlî şehir” kavramının, “İslâm şehri” kavramındaki iki eksikliği giderecek nitelikte olduğu düşünülmektedir. Buna göre “ebrûlî şehir” kavramının, Müslümanların yaşadıkları çok sayıda şehrin kendine özgü niteliğini dikkate alabileceği; ayrıca, şehirlerde yaşayan Müslümanların eksikliklerini “İslâm”a havale etme kolaycılığına da mani olabileceği ileri sürülmektedir.Conceptualization is an attempt to abstract by simplifying the complex network of relationships in real life. Thus, the success of a conceptualization depends on its ability to explain reality. It is claimed that the concept of “Islāmic city”, which started with Weber and continues to be used by Orientalists, is an effort to conceptualize the cities in which Muslims live, detached from the reality. Over time, Orientalists have also brought criticism towards the concept of “Islamic city”. But, interestingly, the concept has continued to be used up to the present. This conceptualization seems to be problematic in two respects: First, with this concept, the cities where Muslims live are cast into an ideal mold. Secondly, through this conceptualization, all the problems in the cities where Muslims live are referred to “Islām”. In this study, instead of the “Islāmic city”, the conceptualization of “marbled city” is used based on the “art of marbling”. In this context, the aim of the study is to develop a conceptual proposal based on the interaction and relevance it contains, rather than the standard Islāmic city conceptualizations in the orientalist view. It is thought that the concept of “marbled city” is capable of eliminating two deficiencies in the concept of “Islāmic city”. Accordingly, the concept of “marbled city” can also take into account the peculiarity of many cities where Muslims live; moreover, it is argued that it may prevent the convenience of referring the shortcomings of Muslims living in cities to “Islām”

Yüksek Fırın Cürufu İkameli Çimentoların Yapısal ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin Araştırılması

Gerek doğal gerekse yapay puzolanik malzemeler çimento ve beton teknolojisinde yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle yapay puzolanların kullanımının atık değerlemesi, çevre kirliliğinin azaltılması, enerji kaynaklarının korunması, dayanım ve dayanıklılığa katkısı nedeniyle giderek yaygınlaştığı görülmektedir. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmanın ilk aşamasında Portland çimento ve yüksek fırın cürufunun fiziksel, kimyasal, mineralojik, termal özellikleri ve bağ yapıları gibi yapısal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada yüksek fırın cürufu ağırlıkça %0, %5, %10, %15 ve %20 oranlarında Portland çimento yerine ikame edilerek 5 tipte çimento elde edilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada ise bu çimentolarla üretilen çimento hamur ve harç örnekleri üzerinde su ihtiyacı, genleşmesi, priz süresi ve basınç dayanımı değerleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yapılan deneyler neticesinde elde edilen veriler, Portland çimento ve yüksek fırın cürufunun fiziksel, kimyasal, mineralojik özellikleri ile bağ yapılarına göre su ihtiyacında, priz sürelerinde ve basınç dayanımlarında farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Nihayetinde endüstriyel bir atık olan yüksek fırın cürufunun çimento ve beton teknolojisinde kullanılmasıyla ekonomik ve ekolojik yarar sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir