Electrophysiological findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; nerve transmission evaluation, MUP analysis, interferance pattern analysis, macro EMG, motor unit number estimation

Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), hava yollarında hava akımının kıstılandığı inflamatuar bir süreçtir. Kronik ve kötüleşme ile seyreden bu süreç, dokuda hipoksemiye yol açmakta, akciğerleri ve tüm vucudu etkilemektedir. Periferik sinir ve kaslarda da bu süreç içinde harabiyet olduğunu gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Fakat bu çalışmaların sayısı ve var olan harabiyeti ortaya koyma konusundaki duyarlılıkları sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada KOAH tanısı almış olgularda ve normal bireylerde, sinir ve kası değerlendiren sinir iletim incelemesi, motor ünite potansiyel analizi, inteferans patern analizi, makro elektromiyografi ve akson sayımı yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı olgularının normal bireylerden farklı olup olmadığı ve bu yöntemler ile normal bireylerden hangi oranda ayrılabileceği incelenmiştir. Çalışma Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji ve Göğüs Hastalıkları ABD’da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tamamı erkek olan yaş olarak benzer ( KOAH 63,09±7,65; nomal 61,50±7,27) 32 KOAH ve 28 sağlıklı gönüllü olgu (toplam 60) çalışmaya alınmıştır. Sinir iletim çalışmasında, KOAH grubunda ulnar duyusal latans ve hız, sural duyusal süre ve latans, ulnar motor distal latans değeri farklı bulunmuştur (latans ve süre uzun, hız yavaşlamış). Her iki gruptaki anormallik oranı istatistiksel olarak farklı değil iken, (KOAH % 40,6; normal % 21,4) KOAH grubunda 1,89 kat daha yüksek anormallik oranı izlendi. Sinir etkilenmesi izole duyusal, izole motor ya da mikst tipte olabilir iken, sinir etkilenmesi ile hastaların yaş ve KAOH derecesi arasında ilişki saptanmadı. Motor ünite potansiyel analizinde KOAH grubunda, MÜP’lerde faz ve dönüş değerlerininin arttığı, süre, alan, alan / amplitüd oranı ve size indeks değerinin küçüldüğü izlendi. İnterferans patern analizinde KOAH grubunda MÜP’lerin dönüş, aktivite, kısa segment sayısı değerlerinin arttığı ve amplitüd değerinin de küçüldüğü gözlendi. Tahmini motor ünite sayımı ile KOAH grubunda tenar ve hipotenar bölgede bir fark izlenmez iken tibialis anterior kasında daha iyi motor ünite sayısı elde edildi. Makro EMG ile KOAH grubunda normal grup ile benzer sonuçlar elde edildi. KOAH olgularında sinir harabiyeti her türde gözlenebilir. Biz görülme sıklıkları arasında istatistiksel bir fark gözlemedik ama sinir harabiyeti görülme oranı KOAH grubunda daha yüksek idi. MÜP analizi ve interferans patern analizi sırasında elde edilen bulgular kas liflerinde kayıp ve lif çaplarında farklılaşmalar olduğu zaman gözlenen bulgulara benzemekteydi. Bu bulgular patoloji çalışmalarında gözlenen tip I kas lifi kaybı ve tip II kas lifi artışı bulgularının elektrofizyolojik yansımaları gibi görünmektedir. Makro EMG analizinde gruplar arasında bir fark olmamasından dolayı, KOAH hastalarında motor ünite alanında genişleme olmadığını düşündürmüştür. Akson sayımı yönteminde gözlenen fibular MUNE değerinin daha iyi elde edilemesi açıklanamamıştır. Yapılan bütün elektrofizyolojik çalışmalar temel bileşenler analizi ve ayırma analizi ile incelendiğinde gruplar % 68,3 oranında doğru olarak ayırt edilebilmiştir. Burada en çok ayırt edici değerler ulnar duyusal iletim hızı ve biseps braki kası interferans patern analizi değerleri olmuştur.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory process with limitation of the airflow in the lung. COPD is a chronic and progressive process that leads to tissue hypoxemia and thereby affects lung and the whole body. There are some studies reporting the damage of peripheral nerves and muscles in this process. But, the number of these reports and also the sensitivity of these methods for the demonstrating of damage were limited. In this study, some electrophysiological methods which investigate nerve and muscle functions (nerve conduction study, motor unit potential analysis, interference pattern analysis, macro electromyography and motor unit number estimation) were used to find any similarities and differences between in patients who diagnosed as COPD and in normal individuals. This study was performed in Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty at the departments of Neurology and Chest Diseases. 32 COPD patients and 28 voluntary healthy individual (totally 60 patients) were involved in the study. All of them were male and were in similar ages (COPD 63,09±7,65; normal 61,50±7,27). In nerve conduction study, ulnar sensory latency and velocity, sural sensory duration and latency, and ulnar motor distal latency values were different in the COPD group than the normal. (Latency and duration were long, and velocity was decreased). While abnormality rate was not different statistically between in these groups (COPD 40,6 %; normal 21,4 %), the COPD group revealed high abnormality ratio (1,89) than the normal. Nerve damage might be isolated sensory, isolated motor or both nerves, and nerve damage was not related with patients’ age and COPD severity. In motor unit potential analysis, phase and turn values of motor unit potential were increased while duration, area, area/amplitude ratio, and size index values of motor unit potential were decreased in COPD group compared to normal. In interference pattern analysis turn, activity and number of short segment values of motor unit potential were increased, but amplitude value was decreased in COPD group compared to normal. In motor unit number estimation test, while the thenar and hypothenar region MUNE values were not different in these two groups, better motor unit number count was detected on the tibialis anterior muscle in COPD group than normal. In macro EMG analysis, results found similar in both COPD and normal group. All types of nerve damage can be seen in COPD cases. We did not observed statistically significant difference between COPD group and normal, but there was a high abnormality ratio in COPD group. Findings gathered from MUP analysis and interference pattern analysis were similar to findings that observed when there were muscle fiber loss and muscle fiber diameter changes. These electrophysiological findings may reflect the pathological changes of muscle fibers that loss of type I muscle fibers and increased of type II muscle fibers in COPD patients. In macro EMG analysis, because of absence of statistically significant difference between groups suggested that motor unit area did not increase in COPD patients. Better fibular MUNE values observed in motor unit number estimation method couldn’t be explained. According to principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, all performed electrophysiological investigations classified groups accurately at a rate of 68,3 %. The most distinguishing parameters were the results of ulnar sensory nerve conduction velocity and the results of interference pattern analysis of biceps brachii muscle

Preschool Teachers’ Perspectives Regarding Inclusive Education Practices: Mersin Sample

Studies evaluating the attitudes of teachers towards the practice of mainstreaming education are very limited. The main purpose of this research is to examine the perspectives of pre-school teachers regarding the practice of mainstreaming education. It investigates teachers’ thoughts on integration education, challenges encountered in this area and their possible solutions, how integration education practices affect students with normal development, and the acceptance of integration students by their normal development peers. As a general survey, this study uses the maximum diversity model, which is an objective sampling method. The study group comprises 20 pre-school teachers working in Yenişehir district of Mersin center in Turkey. Researchers specializing in this field of expertise collected data using 10 personal information questionnaires, 9 interview forms consisting of open-ended questions about integration education, and a personal information form. Teachers generally took 10-15 minutes to answer the questions on the interview form, and the data were analyzed in terms of the answers given. The teachers who participated in the study reported that the mainstreaming students who were special needs were found to be beneficial (70%), they were positive towards the mainstreaming students (31.4%), and the normal developmental students developed cooperation skills and supportive emotions (30.8%). Some 39.1% reported solving the difficulties they experienced by establishing school-family-child cooperation abilities (47.4%) and that physical environments had to be corrected first (26.1%) in order to increase the effectiveness of cohesion education practices. In addition, empathy studies and preparation of children with special needs and normal development were important in terms of acceptance of integration students (33.3%), preparation of Individualized Education Program (PEP) by teachers' attention to children's readiness level (44.4%) while preparing Individualized Education Program (52.2%) of the respondents.Keywords: Preschool, special needs, inclusio

INVESTIGATIONS OF PRESCHOOL TEACHERS’ VIEWS ON LEARNING CENTRES IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

This study aimed to examine the views and practices of preschool teachers about learning centres. Following this purpose, 36 preschool teachers who work in Mersin are examined. The research was carried out with phenomenology which is one of the qualitative research methods. In the research, the data were collected by semi-structured interview technique. The researchers utilised "Personal Data Form" and "Learning Centres Interview Form" prepared by receiving experts' opinions to collect data in the research. The findings obtained from individual interviews with teachers were analysed with the descriptive analysis technique. In the direction of the views of the teachers, it was concluded that the teachers have different learning centres in their classrooms, majority of the teachers find the learning centres sufficient, the range of the materials in some learning centres is insufficient. Besides, the learning centres preferred by the children was the most dramatic play centre. It was concluded that preschool teachers need support for the organisation and use of the learning centres. It was suggested that the teachers plan how the families can participate by encouraging them and getting support from the families and the institution while providing the materials. Therefore, the teachers support the children's development through different learning centres instead of a single learning centre. The teachers participate in in-service training to interact with children in learning centres.  Article visualizations

Feedback driven adaptive combinatorial testing

The configuration spaces of modern software systems are too large to test exhaustively. Combinatorial interaction testing (CIT) approaches, such as covering arrays, systematically sample the configuration space and test only the selected configurations. The basic justification for CIT approaches is that they can cost-effectively exercise all system behaviors caused by the settings of t or fewer options. We conjecture, however, that in practice many such behaviors are not actually tested because of masking effects – failures that perturb execution so as to prevent some behaviors from being exercised. In this work we present a feedback-driven, adaptive, combinatorial testing approach aimed at detecting and working around masking effects. At each iteration we detect potential masking effects, heuristically isolate their likely causes, and then generate new covering arrays that allow previously masked combinations to be tested in the subsequent iteration. We empirically assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach on two large widely used open source software systems. Our results suggest that masking effects do exist and that our approach provides a promising and efficient way to work around them

Örgütsel bağlılığa iletişimin etkisi : bir örnek olay

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Modern yönetim biliminin en önemli çalışma alanlarından biri olan insan ve davranışı, örgütlerin var oluşu ve başarısı için önemli bir unsurdur. İnsan, bilgi birikimi, aklı ve yeteneği ile bir örgütün entelektüel sermayesidir. Çalışanların örgüt ile özdeşlemesi olarak ifade edilen örgütsel bağlılık kavramı, insan kaynağının örgütün amaçları için çaba sarf etmesini sağlamaktadır. Örgütüne karşı bağlılık duyan birey, tüm donanımı ile örgütüne hizmet ederek örgütünün başarısına katkıda bulunmaktadır.Örgütsel bağlılığı etkileyen ve geliştiren bir araç olan örgütsel iletişim, örgütsel amaç, hedef ve değerlerin çalışanlara iletilmesini ve bu kavramların çalışanlar tarafından benimsenmesini sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca örgüt içindeki kopuk ve dağınık ilişkilerin bir düzene sokulması örgütsel iletişim ile mümkündür. Düzenli ilişkiler sistemi içinde görev yapan çalışan, hem işinden hem de örgütünden memnun olmaktadır ve bağlılığı artmaktadır.Çalışmanın amacı, örgütsel iletişimin, örgütsel bağlılığın gelişmesindeki rolünü incelemek bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır.Yapılan çalışmada literatür taramasına ek olarak hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir kamu kurumu ?örnek olay? kapsamında incelenmiştir. Araştırmada verilere ulaşmak için anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi için SPSS 13.0 kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan analiz yöntemleri, korelasyon, basit regresyon analizleri ile bağımsız örneklem varyans analizidir.Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, kurum içinde duygusal, devamlılık ve normatif bağlılık ile örgütsel iletişim, yönetim tarzı ve bilgi paylaşımı ile arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Biçimsel olmayan iletişim ve üç bağlılık boyutu arasındaki ilişki ise pozitif yönlü ancak zayıftır. Örgüt içindeki kadro durumuna göre örgütsel iletişim ve örgütsel bağlılık boyutları arasındaki herhangi bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür.Which is one of the most important work of modern management science human and human behavior, the existence of organizations and is an important element for the success. Human who has the knowledge, the wisdom and the ability is the intellectual capital of an organization. Identification of employees with the organization, expressed as the concept of organizational commitment, for the purposes of the organization's human resources contribute to the effort. Individual who commits to the organization with all equipment, contributes to the success of the organization as service with the organization.Organizational commitment is a tool to influence and improve the organizational communication, organizational goals, objectives and values are communicated to employees and by employees of the adoption of these concepts provides. In addition, broken and scattered in the organization of relations is possible through a streamlining of organizational communication. Employee working within the regular system of relationships, has satisfied both his job and the organization and his commitment increases.The aim of the study, organizational communication, to examine its role in the development of organizational commitment to determine the relationship between these two conceptsIn the study, in addition to literature scan, a public establishment operating in service industry is examined as a ?case study?.Survey technique was used to achieve the research data. SPSS 13.0 was used for the analysis of the data obtained. Methods of analysis used, correlation, simple regression analysis and independent-sample analysis of variance.As a result of this study, between affective, continuance, normative commitment and organizational communication, sharing information, the behaviour of manager within the strong association was found the positive direction. The relationship between non-formal communication and three component of organizational commitment in a positive but weak. According to the staff within the organization, there is no differences between organizational communication and three component of organizational commitment

Evaluation of Residual Monomer Release After Polymerization of Colored Compomer Materials

Objective: To evaluate the amount of residual monomers released after polymerization by the compomers in different colors and viscosities over time. Material and Methods: The compomer samples of different colors and viscosities (flowable compomers; blue-pink and packable compomers; A2-blue-pink-gold) were prepared in molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm. In polymerization of samples, a LED unit was used. The amount of monomers released from the samples kept in 75% ethanol/water solution was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument in the 10th minute, in the 1st hour, and in the 1st, 7th, and 14th days. For statistical analyses, the paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test were used. Results: The amount of residual monomers released from all materials increased over time. At the end of the 14th day, the most released monomer from all compomer samples was BisGMA. The total amounts of released monomers from the packable compomers were Gold>A2>blue>pink. The amount of residual monomers released from flowable compomers was higher in blue than in pink. Conclusion: The color and the viscosity are the factors affecting the residual monomer release in compomers

Evaluation of Residual Monomer Release After Polymerization of Colored Compomer Materials

Objective: To evaluate the amount of residual monomers released after polymerization by the compomers in different colors and viscosities over time. Material and Methods: The compomer samples of different colors and viscosities (flowable compomers; blue-pink and packable compomers; A2-blue-pink-gold) were prepared in molds with an inner diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm. In polymerization of samples, a LED unit was used. The amount of monomers released from the samples kept in 75% ethanol/water solution was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrument in the 10th minute, in the 1st hour, and in the 1st, 7th, and 14th days. For statistical analyses, the paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test were used. Results: The amount of residual monomers released from all materials increased over time. At the end of the 14th day, the most released monomer from all compomer samples was BisGMA. The total amounts of released monomers from the packable compomers were Gold>A2>blue>pink. The amount of residual monomers released from flowable compomers was higher in blue than in pink. Conclusion: The color and the viscosity are the factors affecting the residual monomer release in compomers

Electrochemical Reduction of Isatin-monohydrazone on Mercury Electrode

Electrochemical behaviour of isatin monohydrazone (IM) on a hanging mercury drop electrode in the Britton-Robinson (B-R) buffer solution of pH = 2.00–9.00 has been investigated using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. In the pH range of 2.00–5.00, the voltammogram of IM exhibited a single cathodic irreversible peak. When the pH value exceeds 5.00, a new cathodic irreversible peak was also seen. According to the voltammetric data, a plausible electrode reaction mechanism of IM was proposed. The first reduction peak of IM is resulted from the reduction of =N–NH– group with consumption of 2e–/2H+. Also, its second cathodic peak is formed by the participation of 2e–/2H+ for the reduction of –N=N– group on its tautomeric form