Evolutionary determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome: part 1

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex genetic disorder that develops under varying degrees of hyperandrogenemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions that cause phenotypic variability ranging from mild hirsutism to anovulation and infertility. In addition to increased risk of reproductive disability, PCOS is associated with metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Similar prevalence rates and shared genetic susceptibility of PCOS among different populations suggest that genetic risk factors were already present in the ancestors of humans. Contemporary human genetic studies inform us that the origin of human ancestors is from Africa. Sharing common susceptibility loci between Chinese and European ancestry suggests that PCOS may have persisted for more than 50,000 years, before the migration of humans out of Africa. Although PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, its high prevalence is still a paradox. From an evolutionary perspective, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PCOS might be candidate factors for survival advantage of the human being. Former compensatory advantageous factors may become pathogenic mechanisms underlying complex metabolic disease with prolonged life expectancy and transition to sedentary lifestyle

Hacettepe Dahiliye Ders Kitabı 1

Ondokuzuncu yüzyılın tıp literatürü, korku filmi gibidir. Hekimlerin, ellerine geçirdikleri her şeyi, akıllarına gelen her yöntemi tedavi için kullandıkları görülür. Bilgiye değil, kulaktan dolma duyumlara dayanan, “içten doğma” uydurma fikirlerle hastaların yelken kürek tedavi edilmeye çalışıldığı bir dönemdir. Litrelerce kan alınır, barsaklar yüksek basınçlı lavmanlarla delik deşik edilir, hastalar buzlu sulara yatırılıp uzuvlar gangren olana dek dondurulur, dondurmak işe yaramazsa kaynar kazanlara sokulur, deriyi kabartan bitkisel merhemlerle epidermis eritilir, terkibi ikinci kez asla tutturulamayan envai çeşit bitkisel karışımlarla organlar iflas ettirilirdi. Yirminci yüzyılın başında, modern tıbbın kurucusu sayılan Dr. William Osler öncelikle bu “palavra tıbba” rest çekmiş, yeni bir çağı aralamıştır. Çağdaşı olan bazı hünerli hekimlerle birlikte, önümüze gelen her hastayı, elimize geçirdiğimiz her şeyle, bu şekilde rastgele tedavi edemeyiz, öncelikle hastalıkları tanımamız gerekir diyerek, tıbbın önceliğini tanıya yöneltmişler, kendilerine kadar olan eski devirlerden miras iki ilaç (digoksin ve morfin) dışındaki tüm o ilkel tedavi yöntemlerini reddetmişlerdir. Akıldışı eski tedavileri reddederek, yerine henüz yeni bir tedavi seçenekleri de olmadığından; yalnızca (doğru) tanı koymaya çalışan ve hastanın prognozunu tayin etmeye odaklanmış, tepkisel ve aslında bir bakıma muhafazakar yeni bir tıbbı başlatmışlardır. Tıp eğitimini de bu doğrultuda değiştirip, çalakalem ilaç ve tedavi veren hekimler yerine; hastanın hastalığını kavramaya çalışan, doğru tanı koyan hekimler yetiştirmeye yönelmişlerdir. Tıp eğitimindeki “hasta başı vizitler” bizzat Dr. William Osler tarafından başlatılmıştır. Bu ekol, 1900’ların başında cesur bir kararla, neyi tedavi ettiğini bilmeyen eski hekimlik pratiğini kapatıp, öncelikle hastalıkları kavramaya, hastalarına titizlikle isabetli bir tanı koymaya odaklanmıştır. Bu devir, tıbbın rönesansı sayılır. Kuruluşundan itibaren çağdaşı modern tıp dünyasının bir takipçisi ve aktörü olan Hacettepe Tıp Fakültesi; hünerli hekimler, iyi klinisyenler yetiştirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Prof. Dr. Şeref Zileli’nin kurucusu olduğu İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalımız, mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitiminde yatay ve dikey entegrasyon modeliyle klinik eğitim aşamasında, öğrencilerimize “dahiliye nosyonu” kazandırmayı hedeflemiştir. Dahiliye nosyonu, hastaya saçından tırnağına bir bütün olarak bakabilmeyi; hastanın sorunlarını rasyonel bir klinik denklem haline getirebilmeyi; semptomlarından başlayıp, fizik muayene ve isabetli tetkik seçimiyle en doğru tanıyı koyabilmeyi ve hastaya en az zarar verecek en uygun tedaviyi planlayabilmeyi gerektirir. Mezuniyet öncesi İç Hastalıkları Klinik Eğitim programımızın öğrenim hedefleriyle, içeriği ve ulusal çekirdek müfredatımız gözetilerek hazırlanan bu kitap; İç Hastalıkları, Kardiyoloji, Göğüs Hastalıkları, İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji anabilim dallarımız öğretim üyelerinin ortaklaşa titiz bir çalışmasıdır

The Impact of CoronaVac Vaccination on 28-day Mortality Rate of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 in Türkiye

Background:Vaccines against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) have been effective in preventing symptomatic diseases, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. However, data regarding the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in reducing mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19 remains unclear.Aims:To determine the vaccination status and investigate the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on the 28-day mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19.Study Design:Multicenter prospective observational clinical study.Methods:This study was conducted in 60 hospitals with ICUs managing critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU were included. The present study had two phases. The first phase was designed as a one-day point prevalence study, and demographic and clinical findings were evaluated. In the second phase, the 28-day mortality was evaluated.Results:As of August 11, 2021, 921 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 65.42 ± 16.74 years, and 48.6% (n = 448) were female. Among the critically ill patients with COVID-19, 52.6% (n = 484) were unvaccinated, 7.7% (n = 71) were incompletely vaccinated, and 39.8% (n = 366) were fully vaccinated. A subgroup analysis of 817 patients who were unvaccinated (n = 484) or who had received two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine (n = 333) was performed. The 28-day mortality rate was 56.8% (n = 275) and 57.4% (n = 191) in the unvaccinated and two-dose CoronaVac groups, respectively. The 28-day mortality was associated with age, hypertension, the number of comorbidities, type of respiratory support, and APACHE II and sequential organ failure assessment scores (p < 0.05). The odds ratio for the 28-day mortality among those who had received two doses of CoronaVac was 0.591 (95% confidence interval: 0.413-0.848) (p = 0.004).Conclusion:Vaccination with at least two doses of CoronaVac within six months significantly decreased mortality in vaccinated patients than in unvaccinated patients

Re-examining the characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis in the era of antibody-associated demyelinating syndromes.

Background: The discovery of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG and anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-IgG and the observation on certain patients previously diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) actually have an antibody-mediated disease mandated re-evaluation of pediatric MS series. Aim: To describe the characteristics of recent pediatric MS cases by age groups and compare with the cohort established before 2015. Method: Data of pediatric MS patients diagnosed between 2015 and 2021 were collected from 44 pediatric neurology centers across Turkiye. Clinical and paraclinical features were compared between patients with dis-ease onset before 12 years (earlier onset) and >= 12 years (later onset) as well as between our current (2015-2021) and previous (< 2015) cohorts. Results: A total of 634 children (456 girls) were enrolled, 89 (14%) were of earlier onset. The earlier-onset group had lower female/male ratio, more frequent initial diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), more frequent brainstem symptoms, longer interval between the first two attacks, less frequent spinal cord involvement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lower prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCBs). The earlier-onset group was less likely to respond to initial disease-modifying treatments. Compared to our previous cohort, the current series had fewer patients with onset < 12 years, initial presentation with ADEM-like features, brainstem or cerebellar symptoms, seizures, and spinal lesions on MRI. The female/male ratio, the frequency of sensorial symptoms, and CSF-restricted OCBs were higher than reported in our previous cohort. Conclusion: Pediatric MS starting before 12 years was less common than reported previously, likely due to exclusion of patients with antibody-mediated diseases. The results underline the importance of antibody testing and indicate pediatric MS may be a more homogeneous disorder and more similar to adult-onset MS than previously thought