Determination of taste receptor type 1 member 1 (TAS1R1) gene polymorphism and association with some body measurements in goats

Umami taste plays a key role in intake of amino acids. It is believed that the taste receptor type 1 member 1 (TAS1R1) and taste receptor type 1 member 3 (TAS1R3) receptors are to function in combination as a heteromeric umami taste receptor in humans and other mammals. Most of the previous studies laid particular emphasis on the taste sensitivity to umami substances or the relation of umami taste sensitivity to variations in candidate umami receptor genes in rodents or in humans. Taste thresholds were associated with body weight. In this article, the objective was to investigate variations in goat TAS1R1 gene and their associations with growth traits in 317 goats by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing methods. The results showed two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): HM449123:g. [T3974C, C4037T]. In detail, two different alleles, A and B, were identified and three genotypes were observed, AA, AB, and BB with the frequency distribution of allele B from 0.59 to 0.67 in analyzed populations. The genetic diversity analysis revealed that all PIC values were between 0.34 and 0.37, implying that this locus within TAS1R1 gene possessed moderate genetic diversity in goat. Furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis showed that HM449123:g. [T3974C, C4037T] resulted in two synonymous mutations. But association analysis demonstrated significant differences between different genotypes and production traits (such as body length, chest circumference and cannon circumference) of Haimen goats. We hope that it can provide valuable information for molecular marker-assisted selection.Key words: Goat, PCR-SSCP, polymorphism, production traits, TAS1R1 gen

High-dimensional super-resolution imaging reveals heterogeneity and dynamics of subcellular lipid membranes.

Lipid membranes are found in most intracellular organelles, and their heterogeneities play an essential role in regulating the organelles' biochemical functionalities. Here we report a Spectrum and Polarization Optical Tomography (SPOT) technique to study the subcellular lipidomics in live cells. Simply using one dye that universally stains the lipid membranes, SPOT can simultaneously resolve the membrane morphology, polarity, and phase from the three optical-dimensions of intensity, spectrum, and polarization, respectively. These high-throughput optical properties reveal lipid heterogeneities of ten subcellular compartments, at different developmental stages, and even within the same organelle. Furthermore, we obtain real-time monitoring of the multi-organelle interactive activities of cell division and successfully reveal their sophisticated lipid dynamics during the plasma membrane separation, tunneling nanotubules formation, and mitochondrial cristae dissociation. This work suggests research frontiers in correlating single-cell super-resolution lipidomics with multiplexed imaging of organelle interactome

Mechanism of an ATP-independent Protein Disaggregase - I. Structure of a Membrane Protein Aggregate Reveals a Mechanism of Recognition by its Chaperone

Protein aggregation is detrimental to the maintenance of proper protein homeostasis in all cells. To overcome this problem, cells have evolved a network of molecular chaperones to prevent protein aggregation and even reverse existing protein aggregates. The most extensively studied disaggregase systems are ATP-driven macromolecular machines. Recently, we reported an alternative disaggregase system in which the 38-kDa subunit of chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP43) efficiently reverses the aggregation of its substrates, the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) proteins, in the absence of external energy input. To understand the molecular mechanism of this novel activity, here we used biophysical and biochemical methods to characterize the structure and nature of LHC protein aggregates. We show that LHC proteins form micellar, disc-shaped aggregates that are kinetically stable and detergent-resistant. Despite the nonamyloidal nature, the LHC aggregates have a defined global organization, displaying the chaperone recognition motif on its solvent-accessible surface. These findings suggest an attractive mechanism for recognition of the LHC aggregate by cpSRP43 and provide important constraints to define the capability of this chaperone

Inclusive wealth index measuring sustainable development potentials for Chinese cities

The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future. To achieve the goal, tracking progress — not just on a national level, but locally — is crucial to guide future policy development. While sustainability assessment at the national evel is quite advanced in China, similar assessments focusing at the regional or even at the city-level are currently lacking. Here, we advanced the Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI) framework, which is firstly proposed by the United Nations Development Programme, through taking water wealth into account and adjusting the variable based on data availability. Then we investigate the sustainability performance of 210 cities in China in 2016 via the advanced version of the IWI framework. The analysis makes a holistic assessment based on produced, human, and natural capital, as well as considering heterogeneities in economy, social, and environmental conditions across these cities. We find that cities clustered in the eastern parts of China are characterized by high levels of sustainability performance and increasing capacities for sustainability, largely driven by their high quality and quantity of human capital. In comparison, the western cities have a large amount of low-skilled human capital and low levels of produced capital, which determines their low sustainability performance. Cities clustered in the north are heavily dependent on low value-added products and resource-intensive industries. Furthermore, we make projections of the IWI and its three components for different cities from 2020 to 2030, referring to the index systems presented in city planning which describe the development speed of income, education, fixed asset investment, forests etc. In the future, cities in central and western clusters show considerable potential for increasing IWI per capita, whereas cities with a dominant energy sector in the north would face declining capacity for sustainability due to the exhaustion of fossil fuels and raw materials. By fully taking account of and adapting to local circumstances, we tailor-design pathways for different types of cities to grow their sustainability potentials. Those resources-dependent cities in the north could avoid the impending decline by gradually developing their human and produced capital while abandoning their resource dependency. Our study contributes to city-level sustainable development in China through the lens of per capita IWI and the potential future dynamics of changing compositions in their capital

Working with the homeless: The case of a non-profit organisation in Shanghai

This article addresses a two-pronged objective, namely to bring to the fore a much neglected social issue of homelessness, and to explore the dynamics of state-society relations in contemporary China, through a case study of a non-profit organisation (NPO) working with the homeless in Shanghai. It shows that the largely invisible homelessness in Chinese cities was substantially due to exclusionary institutions, such as the combined household registration and 'detention and deportation' systems. Official policy has become much more supportive since 2003 when the latter was replaced with government-run shelters, but we argue that the NPO case demonstrates the potential for enhanced longer-term support and enabling active citizenship for homeless people. By analysing the ways in which the NPO offers services through collaboration and partnership with the public (and private) actors, we also argue that the transformations in postreform China and the changes within the state and civil society have significantly blurred their boundaries, rendering state-society relations much more complex, dynamic, fluid and mutually embedded

Hyperspectral image denoising via minimizing the partial sum of singular values and superpixel segmentation

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) are often corrupted by noise during the acquisition process, thus degrading the HSI's discriminative capability significantly. Therefore, HSI denoising becomes an essential preprocess step before application. This paper proposes a new HSI denoising approach connecting Partial Sum of Singular Values (PSSV) and superpixels segmentation named as SS-PSSV, which can remove the noise effectively. Based on the fact that there is a high correlation between different bands of the same signal, it is easy to know the property of low rank between distinct bands. To this end, PSSV is utilized, and in order to better tap the low-rank attribute of pixels, we introduce the superpixels segmentation method, which allows pixels in HSI with high similarity to be grouped in the same sub-block as much as possible. Extensive experiments display that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Super-resolution imaging of fluorescent dipoles via polarized structured illumination microscopy

© 2019, The Author(s). Fluorescence polarization microscopy images both the intensity and orientation of fluorescent dipoles and plays a vital role in studying molecular structures and dynamics of bio-complexes. However, current techniques remain difficult to resolve the dipole assemblies on subcellular structures and their dynamics in living cells at super-resolution level. Here we report polarized structured illumination microscopy (pSIM), which achieves super-resolution imaging of dipoles by interpreting the dipoles in spatio-angular hyperspace. We demonstrate the application of pSIM on a series of biological filamentous systems, such as cytoskeleton networks and λ-DNA, and report the dynamics of short actin sliding across a myosin-coated surface. Further, pSIM reveals the side-by-side organization of the actin ring structures in the membrane-associated periodic skeleton of hippocampal neurons and images the dipole dynamics of green fluorescent protein-labeled microtubules in live U2OS cells. pSIM applies directly to a large variety of commercial and home-built SIM systems with various imaging modality