Beberapa Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Carcinoma Cervicis Uteri

An epidemiological study of cervical cancer has been made with the objective to examine the in­fluence of several factors on its occurrence. As a case-control study, the group of cases consisted of women suffering from cenvical cancer based on clinical and pathological diagnosis, and the group of controls consisted of women not suffering from the disease, who were selected by matching age and ethnic group. An analysis has been made to calculate the "relative risk", in which each of the several factors, taken into account in this study, is involved in the occurrence of cervical cancer. The data collection from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of 3 (three) hospitals in Jakarta, from July 1977 to March 1978, recorded 544 cases and 544 controls. The result of the analysis shows that certain factors, such as education, frequency of manage, age at first mariage, frequency of gravidity, frequency of parturition, have influence on the risk of getting cervical cancer; while uncircum-cised husband, frequency of abortion and practice of family planning do not show any influence. In the discussion is recommended, that further studies be performed with making practical use of the result of this study

Contrasting Treatments of Recall Bias in Two Epidemiological Settings

The author contrasts the treatment of recall bias in the literature on induced abortions and breast cancer, and on environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer

Ernst L. Wynder: A Pioneer of No Tobacco World

Ernst L Wynder was a great epidemiologist who devoted his career to investigate harmful effects of tobacco smoke, in particular his studies represent a landmark in the history of epidemiological research on lung cancer. The commitment of Ernst Wynder was not limited to the risk factors related to tobacco. In fact, he studied also the role of nutritional factors in the incidence of tumors. His talent, enthusiasm and tireless energy have allowed him to obtain a complete victory despite the difficulties and the initial loneliness

Weight gain in females with a diagnosis of breast cancer

A study was done on 213 female subjects with a diagnosis of breast cancer and weight changes. The study tested the hypotheses: (a) Women with Stage I or II breast cancer gain weight. (b) Women with stage I breast cancer gain more weight than those with stage II. (c) Women with stage II breast cancer on adjuvant chemotherapy gain more weight than women with stage I or II on Tamoxifen alone. (d) Women with breast cancer who gain weight do not lose it after treatment ends; Findings failed to support null hypotheses a and d, but did b and c. A weight gain was noted in both stage I and II disease. At the 24 month mark women with stage I disease gained more than those with stage II but not significantly. Women with stage II disease on adjuvant therapy gained more weight than the Tamoxifen group but not significantly. At the 24 month mark women with stage II disease had leveled off in their weight but stage I women appeared to be on an upward curve of weight gain; The findings suggest further investigation of the cause of as well as actual weight gain in this population

Smoking and the Risk of Upper Aero Digestive Tract Cancers for Men and Women in the Asia-Pacific Region

Although smoking is an established causal factor for upper aero digestive tract cancer (UADTC), most of the evidence originates from the West. Thus, we analysed data from 455,409 subjects in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Over a median of around six years follow-up, 371 deaths from UADTC were observed. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for current smokers, compared with those who had never smoked, was 2.36 (1.76 – 3.16), adjusted for age and alcohol drinking. Tobacco control policies are urgently required in Asia to prevent millions of deaths from UADTC that smoking will otherwise cause

Proportions of Cancer Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking in Women

Over two-thirds of a million American women mostly over age 45 were enrolled in a prospective mortality study in 1982 and followed up for four years. In this time period 1,527 women died of six smoking-related cancer sites: oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, lung, and bladder. Age-adjusted death rates in nonsmokers were used to obtain smoking-attributable risks and numbers of deaths due to these six cancers. Among current smokers, 601 deaths (85.5% of current smokers' deaths) were attributable to cigarette smoking, and among former smokers 284 (69.3% of ex-smokers' deaths) were attributable to smoking. Cigarette smoking accounted for 885 excess deaths at these sites, giving a population-attributable risk of 57.9%. Over three-quarters of these excess deaths were due to lung cancer. Cigarette smoking, despite increases in smoking cessation, is still responsible for well over half of the deaths from these six types of cancer in women