Forming peculiarities and manifestation of tectonic faults in soft rocks

Features of distribution of tectonic structures in soft rocks confirm the presence of horizontal tectonic forces in the formation of faults and are based on the manifestation of their morphological features. Linear dependences of the amplitude on the length of tectonic dislocation in the area of wedging were obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the experimental data. Actual position of the crossing lines of fault plane with the seam were considered while studying the distribution of co-fault fracturing. Analysis of the data confirms that the distribution of faulting has an undulating character. Analysis of observations showed that the deviation of the crossing line of fault plane with the seam from the middle line is subject to the normal law of random variable distribution. Thus, the studies and the obtained results allow planning mining operations assessing the utility while developing fault areas

Changes of Structure and Bonding with Thickness in Chalcogenide Thin Films

Extreme miniaturization is known to be detrimental for certain properties, such as ferroelectricity in perovskite oxide films below a critical thickness. Remarkably, few-layer crystalline films of monochalcogenides display robust in-plane ferroelectricity with potential applications in nanoelectronics. These applications critically depend on the electronic properties and the nature of bonding in the 2D limit. A fundamental open question is thus to what extent bulk properties persist in thin films. Here, this question is addressed by a first-principles study of the structural, electronic, and ferroelectric properties of selected monochalcogenides (GeSe, GeTe, SnSe, and SnTe) as a function of film thickness up to 18 bilayers. While in selenides a few bilayers are sufficient to recover the bulk behavior, the Te-based compounds deviate strongly from the bulk, irrespective of the slab thickness. These results are explained in terms of depolarizing fields in Te-based slabs and the different nature of the chemical bond in selenides and tellurides. It is shown that GeTe and SnTe slabs inherit metavalent bonding of the bulk phase, despite structural and electronic properties being strongly modified in thin films. This understanding of the nature of bonding in few-layers structures offers a powerful tool to tune materials properties for applications in information technology

Zener Disaccommodation In Dilute F.C.C. Co-Ti Alloys

The magnetic Dis accommodation, i.e., the time dependence of the low field magnetic permeability, was investigated in cobalt base alloys containing 0-5.1 at.% (0-4.2 wt.%) titanium in the temperature range 400-700°C. A strong temperature dependence of the Dis accommodation observed in the range 430-530°C could be accounted for predominantly by a single first order relaxation process. Analyzing the data in terms of (a) a single exponential relaxation, (b) a lognormal distribution of relaxation times, and (c) a sum of exponential relaxations, it was shown that the relaxation strength varies as the square of the titanium concentration and that the relaxation is characterized by an activation enthalpy of 69 ± 1 kcal/mole and a τ0 of the order of 10-16 sec. The Dis accommodation was attributed to the reorientation of substitutional solute atom (titanium) pairs. From the temperature dependence of the relaxation strength the binding energy of Ti atom pairs was determined to be 0.17 ± 0.08 eV. © 1968

Interstitial Solute Trapping In Irradiated And Quenched Iron

The interaction of interstitial carbon and nitrogen solutes with defects produced by low temperature neutron irradiation and by quenching was studied in high purity and Ferrovac E iron. Magnetic Dis accommodation techniques were applied to determine the interstitial solute content after irradiation and upon annealing. Doses of about 1017 neutrons/cm2 caused the trapping of about 20 ppm (atomic) interstitial solutes at 65 (carbon) and 40°C (nitrogen). Trapping of carbon in a Ferrovac E iron alloy occurred during a fast quench from 880°C. After trapping, the interstitial solutes reappeared in solid solution at 300 (carbon, neutron irradiation), 200 (nitrogen, neutron irradiation), and 620°C (carbon, quenching). Various possibilities for the defect traps were considered and it was concluded that trapping of the interstitial solutes occurred at iron interstitial clusters after neutron irradiation and at vacancy type defects after quenching. Copyright © 1968 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei

Spinodally synthesized magnetoelectric

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/91/8/10.1063/1.2767174.Lead zirconium titanate/nickel ferrite (PZT/NFO) composites have been produced by crystallizing and spinodally decomposing a gel in a magnetic field below the Curie temperature of NFO. The gel had been formed by spinning a sol onto a silicon substrate. The ensuing microstructure, characterized by atomic force microscopy, magnetic force microscopy, (Lorentz) transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, is nanoscopically periodic and, determined by the direction of magnetic annealing field, anisotropic. The wavelength of the PZT/NFO alternation, 25nm, agrees within a factor of 2 with the theoretically estimated value. The macroscopic ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric responses correspond qualitatively and semiquantitatively to the features of the nanostructure. The maximum of the field dependent magnetoelectric susceptibility equals 1.8V∕cmOe

Diblock copolymer based self-assembled nanomagnetoelectric

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/93/17/10.1063/1.3005558.A magnetoelectric (ME) composite with controlled nanostructures is synthesized using coassembly of two inorganic precursors with a block copolymer. This solution processed material consists of hexagonally arranged ferromagnetic cobalt ferrite [CoFe2O4 (CFO)] nano cylinders within a matrix of ferroelectric lead zirconium titanate [Pb1.1(Zr(0.53)Ti(0.47))O3(PZT)] when thin films were prepared by spin coating. The initial magnetic permeability of the self-assembled CFO/PZT nanocomposite changes by a factor of 5 through the application of 2.5V. This work also demonstrates that a block copolymer can be used to simultaneously template two compound inorganic phases to form a nanoscale composite

Self-organized two-dimensional onions

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/94/11/10.1063/1.3101373.Spontaneously self-assembled onion-type nanostructures based on block copolymers as templating materials are reported. Polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer containing CoFe2O4 and Pb1.1(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 precursors segregated to the two microdomains forms well-ordered templated lamellar structures. Onion-type nanostructures have been induced by room temperature solvent annealing for 64 h in a magnetic field of 0.8 T oriented perpendicularly to the plane of film. The recorded images suggest that the Lorentz force acting on charges in the paraelectric precursor induces a circular component of the diffusion flux that leads to the onion formation. This templating process opens a route for nanometer-scale patterning of magnetic toroids

Switching Casimir forces with Phase Change Materials

We demonstrate here a controllable variation in the Casimir force. Changes in the force of up to 20% at separations of ~100 nm between Au and AgInSbTe (AIST) surfaces were achieved upon crystallization of an amorphous sample of AIST. This material is well known for its structural transformation, which produces a significant change in the optical properties and is exploited in optical data storage systems. The finding paves the way to the control of forces in nanosystems, such as micro- or nanoswitches by stimulating the phase change transition via localized heat sources.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures The AFM images for the inset in Fig.2 were replaced with new ones as obtained with tips having high aspect rati

The Nature of Knowledge Power in Communicative Information Society

Development of communicative information society is described as a process of spreading the applied scientific knowledge converted into information all over the fields of sociality. The idea of “power shift” in the process of development of communicative information sociality is important conceptually. This idea includes disintegration of the existing power structures and rising the new ones, drastic change in the balance of social forces in the power structure, redistribution of power. Development of communicative information sociality is shown to be connected with transformation of knowledge: knowledge converted into information (applied knowledge) gets the ability to transform the socio-cultural ontology. It becomes the most important power resource, transforming the structure of power relations. The key feature of the proposed approach is the intent to study the phenomenon of knowledge transformation under social and philosophical context of society, where the knowledge converted into information gets ontological status of the phenomenon that changes the system of power relations within the framework of communicative sociality also. The positive feedback is shown to be formed during the functioning of such a society: the need for spreading the knowledge stimulates the development of communication system, which in its turn opens the new ways to distribute the knowledge. As a result this society operates as a self-developing system, where communications manifest themselves as the ontology of culture. Communication development acts as a culture-forming factor, generating processes of social and cultural transformations

A simple strand-specific RNA-Seq library preparation protocol combining the Illumina TruSeq RNA and the dUTP methods

Preserving the original RNA orientation information in RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) experiment is essential to the analysis and understanding of the complexity of mammalian transcriptomes. We describe herein a simple, robust, and time-effective protocol for generating strand-specific RNA-seq libraries suited for the Illumina sequencing platform. We modified the Illumina TruSeq RNA sample preparation by implementing the strand specificity feature using the dUTP method. This protocol uses low amounts of starting material and allows a fast processing within two days. It can be easily implemented and requires only few additional reagents to the original Illumina kit