Amatitlan, An actively resurging cauldron 10 km south of Guatemala City

A 14×16 km diameter collapse caldera has been recognized 10 km south of Guatemala City, Guatemala. The caldera is north of the presently active volcano Pacaya and west of Agua, a large stratovolcano. The caldera was not previously recognized because its eastern and western margins coincide with faults that outline the Guatemala City graben and because the northern margin of the caldera is buried by pyroclastic rocks. The existence of the northern caldera margin is now established by gravity data and a variety of geological observations including circumferential faults, hot springs, well-log data, and lithological changes in sedimentary rocks. A sequence of nine silicic pyroclastic deposits, totaling a volume of more than 70 km 3 dense rock were erupted from the caldera. The ages of these eruptions are mainly between about 300,000 years B.P. to less than 23,000 years B.P. The rocks erupted at the caldera and its associated vents consist of domes and nonwelded pyroclastic flow, surge, and fall deposits, mainly of rhyolitic to dacitic composition. Successive pyroclastic eruptions have generally become smaller in volume and more silicic with time. Major and minor element chemistry distinguish Amatitlan pyroclastics from those of other nearby calderas. The caldera lies at the intersection of an offset of the volcanic chain (the Palin Shear) and the faults along the volcanic front (Jalpatagua fault zone). The caldera has a heavily faulted resurgent dome crosscut by an impressive longitudinal graben. The graben\u27s alignment with the Jalpatagua fault zone suggests a genetic relationship. The longitudinal graben and resurgent dome are morphologically youthful and are the sites of many young silicic vents. Available seismic data show a heavy concentration of epicenters over the northern part of the resurgent dome, near a young silicic intrusion. The caldera is active and will probably erupt again. Over 1 million people live within 20 km and would be threatened in the event of a moderate eruption. Suggestions for future research focus on hazard assessment and forecastin

Livelihoods, Wellbeing and the Risk to Life During Volcanic Eruptions

A forensic analysis of fatalities and displacements from recent volcanic eruptions (1986–2015) provides insights into factors that influence actions to protect life in high-risk environments. Unlike many other geophysical hazard events, volcanic eruptions may be prolonged, and of variable intensity. This is reflected in patterns of volcanic fatalities. A global survey reveals that 63% of primary volcanic deaths occur after the first week of activity, with >44% of these deaths associated with citizens returning to an established high-hazard zone. Evacuations during volcanic eruptions are protracted and this allows time for competing pressures to arise. Examination of detailed data from three volcanic crises (La Soufriere, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Soufrière Hills, Montserrat and Tungurahua, Ecuador) suggests that the need to preserve livelihoods plays a strong role in protecting life. A dynamic, associated with pull (e.g., protecting assets, place attachment) and push factors (e.g., poor shelter conditions), can draw evacuees to return during high-risk periods. Similar considerations can restrain people with previous experience of volcanic hazards and displacement, from evacuating. Our global analysis shows that these pressures, when coupled with forecasting uncertainties and the rapid landscape change associated with volcanic eruptions, mean that the physical and social vulnerability of populations change significantly during the course of an eruption. Ongoing risk to life is shaped by hazard experience and action; timescales of hazard escalation and their relationship to warning and action; and the timescales over which evacuation conditions are tolerable to livelihood and asset preservation, and mental and physical wellbeing in shelters

Discovery of the largest historic silicic submarine eruption

It was likely twice the size of the renowned Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 and perhaps more than 10 times bigger than the more recent 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland. However, unlike those two events, which dominated world news headlines, in 2012 the daylong submarine silicic eruption at Havre volcano in the Kermadec Arc, New Zealand (Figure 1a; ~800 kilometers north of Auckland, New Zealand), passed without fanfare. In fact, for a while no one even knew it had occurred

Pharmacologic prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a systematic review

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia occurring after cardiac surgery. Its incidence varies depending on type of surgery. Postoperative AF may cause hemodynamic deterioration, predispose to stroke and increase mortality. Effective treatment for prophylaxis of postoperative AF is vital as reduces hospitalization and overall morbidity. Beta - blockers, have been proved to prevent effectively atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery and should be routinely used if there are no contraindications. Sotalol may be more effective than standard b-blockers for the prevention of AF without causing an excess of side effects. Amiodarone is useful when beta-blocker therapy is not possible or as additional prophylaxis in high risk patients. Other agents such as magnesium, calcium channels blocker or non-antiarrhythmic drugs as glycose-insulin - potassium, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, N-acetylcysteine and statins have been studied as alternative treatment for postoperative AF prophylaxis

The Relationship Of Psychotherapist Ego-Strength And Behavioral Health To Psychotherapeutic Facilitativeness (barron Ego-Strength Scale, Millon Behavioral Health Inventory, Carkhuff, Communication Index Of Interpersonal Functioning, Self-Actualizing)

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between psychotherapist ego-strength and behavioral health to psychotherapeutic facilitativeness. A functional triad was hypothesized in which a high level of therapist ego-strength and behavioral health would produce high facilitativeness, and, conversely, low ego-strength and low behavioral health would produce low facilitativeness.Subjects were 31 graduate students and graduates of various mental health sub-specialties. Utilizing upper-third and lower-third cut-offs from scores on the Barron Ego-Strength Scale (ESS) and the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI), subjects were divided into the following approximately equal three groups: (1) High Ego-Strength/High Behavioral Health, (2) High Ego-Strength/Low Behavioral Health and Low Ego-Strength/High Behavioral Health, and (3) Low Ego-Strength/Low Behavioral Health. Judge-rated facilitativeness was measured by Carkhuff\u27s Communication Index of Interpersonal Functioning (CIIF). Data were analyzed utilizing a one-way, three-level ANOVA, with alpha level set at p \u3c .05.The CIIF means for the three research groups showed a slight, but statistically insignificant trend in the predicted direction. None of the three groups achieved minimal facilitativeness. Post hoc analysis revealed eleven significant relationships, notably that ego-strength and behavioral health were positively correlated and that facilitativeness was inversely correlated with a facet of low behavioral health known as future despair.Although the findings were inconclusive, the results suggest that ego-strength and behavioral health may be interdependent. While facilitativeness was not significantly affected by ego-strength or behavioral health in the present study, the investigator theorizes that future research may reveal that the broader quality of therapist effectiveness may be influenced by these two psychological characteristics

The relationship of maternal sex-role to predictions of self-concept in children

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of maternal sex-role to mothers\u27 perceptions of their children\u27s self-concepts. It was hypothesized that androgynous mothers would predict their children\u27s self-concepts more accurately than nonandrogynous mothers. It was also proposed that children of androgynous mothers would have higher self-concepts than children of nonandrogynous mothers.Subjects were 73 children (38 boys and 35 girls) and their 73 mothers, respectively. Using the median-split procedure with scores from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, mothers were divided into two groups, androgynous (n = 34) and nonandrogynous (n = 39). Children and mothers were both administered the Piers-Harris Children\u27s Self-Concept Scale, and mothers were instructed to answer the way they thought their children would answer. Percentage agreement scores on the Piers-Harris were compared between the two groups of mothers. T-test procedures for planned comparisons were utilized.Results indicated that there was no significant difference between androgynous and nonandrogynous mothers\u27 accuracy in predicting their children\u27s self-concepts except on the Popularity subscale. Androgynous mothers were significantly better at predicting their children\u27s Popularity subscale scores than nonandrogynous mothers. Nonandrogynous mothers were significantly better at predicting their daughters\u27 Behavior subscale scores than those of their sons.Significant differences were found between sons\u27 and daughters\u27 self-concepts on the Behavior and Sex-Concept subscale for children of nonandrogynous mothers, and on the Physical Appearance and Attributes, Anxiety, and Sex-Concept subscales for children of androgynous mothers. Alternate explanations for these findings were proposed.Post hoc analyses indicated that unemployed mothers predicted their children\u27s Behavior subscale scores significantly better than mothers who worked full-time or part-time. In addition, children whose mothers worked part-time had significantly higher scores on the Happiness and Satisfaction subscale than children whose mothers worked full-time

La vente directe : un avenir prometteur

C'est au cours d'un voyage professionnel aux Etats-Unis que François Richaudeau et Jacques Mousseau, rédacteur en chef de la revue Psychologie, ont rencontré Lester Wunderman. Ce dernier, durant un déjeuner, les ayant fort intéressés et fort séduits par ses propos assez peu conventionnels sur l'évolution de la publicité américaine, ils lui demandèrent tout naturellement de les rédiger à l'intention de Communication et Langages. C'est ce texte que nous vous présentons. En 1958, Lester Wunderman fondait à New York l'agence Wunderman, Ricotta et Kline, qui devint rapidement la plus importante agence de publicité en vente directe. Avec un chiffre d'affaires de 30 millions de dollars, une équipe de 165 personnes, des bureaux à Londres, Paris (Dupuy-Wunderman) et Munich, elle est devenue l'une des premières agences du monde. Lester Wunderman (né le 22 juin 1920 à New York) est entré dans la publicité à 18 ans. Après avoir fait ses classes dans différentes agences, il entrait en 1947 chez Maxwell Solsheim and Co, dont il devait devenir l'un des vice-présidents.Wunderman Lester, de Cheveigné Maurice. La vente directe : un avenir prometteur. In: Communication et langages, n°10, 1971. pp. 111-123

Architecture of the hidden Penokean terrane suture and Midcontinent rift system overprint in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin from magnetotelluric profiling

© 2017 The Authors. We resolved the architecture of the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen suture and late middle Proterozoic (Keweenawan) Midcontinent rift system magmatic overprint in east-central Minnesota and western Wisconsin through recovery and analysis of a legacy magnetotelluric (MT) data set. We digitized printed plots of off-diagonal MT and controlled-source audio (CSA) MT responses, including error intervals, to provide 22 soundings along a profile of ~225 km length extending from north of Lake Mille Lacs, Minnesota, southeastward to Flambeau Ridge, Wisconsin. the MT data were inverted to a smoothed electrical resistivity structure using a two-dimensional finite-element, regularized Gauss-Newton algorithm emphasizing the transverse magnetic (TM) mode data subset. Our model reveals a major electrically conductive zone dipping moderately to the southeast for \u3e 50 km in the 5-35 km depth range, which marks the probable Penokean suture in easternmost Minnesota. We interpret the conductor to reflect a package of graphitized metasediments of the former Archean continental margin and near foreland zone, underthrust as the Penokean terrane collided with the Superior Province. the large-scale conductor is now hidden beneath mainly Yavapai-aged plutonic rocks of the East-Central Minnesota batholith. Below the axis of the later Midcontinent rift (St. Croix horst, subsequently), a compact resistive body ranging from 5 to 20 km deep overlies the large conductor. We interpret this resistor to be mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Midcontinent rift event, which correlate spatially with a high Bouguer gravity anomaly similarly modeled. the rift here coincides with the lower-crustal reaches of the suture, but the specific influence of the suture on rift emplacement is unclear