Exploring the Design Space of Immersive Urban Analytics

Recent years have witnessed the rapid development and wide adoption of immersive head-mounted devices, such as HTC VIVE, Oculus Rift, and Microsoft HoloLens. These immersive devices have the potential to significantly extend the methodology of urban visual analytics by providing critical 3D context information and creating a sense of presence. In this paper, we propose an theoretical model to characterize the visualizations in immersive urban analytics. Further more, based on our comprehensive and concise model, we contribute a typology of combination methods of 2D and 3D visualizations that distinguish between linked views, embedded views, and mixed views. We also propose a supporting guideline to assist users in selecting a proper view under certain circumstances by considering visual geometry and spatial distribution of the 2D and 3D visualizations. Finally, based on existing works, possible future research opportunities are explored and discussed.Comment: 23 pages,11 figure

Selection of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in Medicinal Plant \u3cem\u3eGlycyrrhiza\u3c/em\u3e under Abiotic Stresses and Hormonal Treatments

Best known as licorice, Glycyrrhiza Linn., a genus of herbaceous perennial legume, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asia and a flavoring agent for tobacco and food industry in Europe and America. Abiotic stresses and hormonal treatments can significantly impact the development and metabolism of secondary metabolites in Glycyrrhiza. To better understand the biosynthesis of the trace-amount bioactive compounds, we first screened for the suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in Glycyrrhiza. The expression profiles of 14 candidate reference genes, including Actin1 (ACT), Clathrin complex AP1 (CAC), Cyclophilin (CYP), Heat-shock protein 40 (DNAJ), Dehydration responsive element binding gene (DREB), Translation elongation factor1 (EF1), Ras related protein (RAN), Translation initiation factor (TIF1), β-Tubulin (TUB), Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC2), ATP binding-box transpoter 2 (ABCC2), COP9 signal compex subunit 3 (COPS3), Citrate synthase (CS), and R3H domain protein 2 (R3HDM2) from two congeneric species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. and Glycyrrhiza inflata B., were examined under abiotic stresses (osmotic and salinity) and hormonal treatments (Abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA)) using a panel of software, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT. The overall stability, however, was provided by RefFinder, a comprehensive ranking system integrating inputs from all four algorithms. In G. uralensis, the most stable reference genes under osmotic stress, salt stress, ABA treatment, and MeJA treatment were TIF1, DNAJ, CS, and ABCC2 for leaves and DNAJ, DREB, CAC, and CAC for roots, respectively. In comparison, the top ranked genes were TUB, CAC, UBC2, and RAN for leaves and TIF1, ABCC2, CAC, and UBC2 for roots, respectively, under stress and hormonal treatments in G. inflata. ACT and TIF1, on the other hand, were the least stable genes under the most experimental conditions in the two congeneric species. Finally, our survey of the reference genes in legume shows that EF, ACT, UBC2, and TUB were the top choices for the abiotic stresses while EF, UBC2, CAC, and ABCC2 were recommended for the hormonal treatments in Leguminosae. Our combined results provide reliable normalizers for accurate gene quantifications in Glycyrrhiza species, which will allow us to exploit its medicinal potential in general and antiviral activities in particular

Research on the energy-saving effect of energy policies in China: 1982-2006

This paper summarizes the main energy policies of China from 1980, and divides them into three groups of policies. Two methods, with and without antitheses and linear regression, are created to evaluate the energy-saving effects of the energy policies. And the energy-saving effects of these three groups of energy policies of China are evaluated by the two methods, respectively. It is concluded that with and without antitheses is used to evaluate short-term effects and linear regression is used to evaluate long-term effects.Energy intensity Energy policy Energy-saving effects

Selection of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR Analysis in Medicinal Plant Glycyrrhiza under Abiotic Stresses and Hormonal Treatments

Best known as licorice, Glycyrrhiza Linn., a genus of herbaceous perennial legume, has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Asia and a flavoring agent for tobacco and food industry in Europe and America. Abiotic stresses and hormonal treatments can significantly impact the development and metabolism of secondary metabolites in Glycyrrhiza. To better understand the biosynthesis of the trace-amount bioactive compounds, we first screened for the suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis in Glycyrrhiza. The expression profiles of 14 candidate reference genes, including Actin1 (ACT), Clathrin complex AP1 (CAC), Cyclophilin (CYP), Heat-shock protein 40 (DNAJ), Dehydration responsive element binding gene (DREB), Translation elongation factor1 (EF1), Ras related protein (RAN), Translation initiation factor (TIF1), β-Tubulin (TUB), Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC2), ATP binding-box transpoter 2 (ABCC2), COP9 signal compex subunit 3 (COPS3), Citrate synthase (CS), and R3H domain protein 2 (R3HDM2) from two congeneric species, Glycyrrhiza uralensis F. and Glycyrrhiza inflata B., were examined under abiotic stresses (osmotic and salinity) and hormonal treatments (Abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA)) using a panel of software, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT. The overall stability, however, was provided by RefFinder, a comprehensive ranking system integrating inputs from all four algorithms. In G. uralensis, the most stable reference genes under osmotic stress, salt stress, ABA treatment, and MeJA treatment were TIF1, DNAJ, CS, and ABCC2 for leaves and DNAJ, DREB, CAC, and CAC for roots, respectively. In comparison, the top ranked genes were TUB, CAC, UBC2, and RAN for leaves and TIF1, ABCC2, CAC, and UBC2 for roots, respectively, under stress and hormonal treatments in G. inflata. ACT and TIF1, on the other hand, were the least stable genes under the most experimental conditions in the two congeneric species. Finally, our survey of the reference genes in legume shows that EF, ACT, UBC2, and TUB were the top choices for the abiotic stresses while EF, UBC2, CAC, and ABCC2 were recommended for the hormonal treatments in Leguminosae. Our combined results provide reliable normalizers for accurate gene quantifications in Glycyrrhiza species, which will allow us to exploit its medicinal potential in general and antiviral activities in particular

Data from: Microwave-assisted synthesis of high thermal stability and colorless polyimides containing pyridine

A novel aromatic diamine containing pyridyl side group, 4-pyridine-4,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-5-aminophenyl)methane (PyDPM), was successfully synthesized via electrophilic substitution reaction. The polyimides (PIs) containing pyridine were obtained via the microwave-assisted one-step polycondensation of the PyDPM with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 3,3’,4,4’-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 3,3’,4,4’-diphenylether tetracarboxylic dianhydride (ODPA) and 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). Contrarily to the reported similar PIs, these PIs exhibit much higher thermal stability or heat resistance, i.e. high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 358-473 °C, and the decomposition temperatures at 5% weight loss were over 476 °C under nitrogen. They can afford flexible and strong films with tensile strength of 82.1-93.3 MPa, elongation at break of 3.7%-15.2%, and Young's modulus of 3.3-3.8 GPa. Furthermore, The PI films exhibit good optical transparency with the cutoff wavelength at 313-366 nm and transmittance higher than 73% at 450 nm. The excellent thermal and optical transmittance can be attributed to synthesis method and the introduction of pyridine rings and ortho-methyl groups. The inherent viscosities of PIs via one-step method were found to be 0.58-1.12 dL g−1 in DMAc, much higher than those via two-step method. These results indicate these PIs could be potential candidates for optical substrates of OLEDs

data

1H NMR test was carried out on a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer at resonant frequencies of 400 or 600 MHz, using DMSO-d6 and CDCl3 as solvent. Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectra (ATR FT-IR) were recorded with a Bruker Vector 22 spectrometer between 400 and 4000 cm−1. High resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRLC-MS) data were recorded on an Agilent 1290-micrOTOF-QII instrument. Thermal stability was assessed using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) operated at a 20 °C min−1 from 30 to 800 °C under N2 gas flow. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was conducted on a Netzsch DSC 200F3 at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1 under nitrogen atmosphere from 30 to 400 °C. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA) was conducted on a TA Instruments DMA Q800 at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1 from 30 to 500 °C and a load frequency of 1 Hz under nitrogen, and the specimen was made with 6 mm width, 25 mm length, 50 μm thickness. Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectra were recorded on a 3600 UV-Vis spectrophotometer at room temperature. Dielectric constants were investigated by a Hewlett-Packard 4284A dielectric spectrometer in the frequency range of 40 Hz to 1 MHz at room temperature. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) patterns was taken from 10° to 40° (2θ values) with Cu Kα radiation

Data from: Microwave-assisted synthesis of high thermal stability and colorless polyimides containing pyridine

A novel aromatic diamine containing pyridyl side group, 4-pyridine-4,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-5-aminophenyl)methane (PyDPM), was successfully synthesized via electrophilic substitution reaction. The polyimides (PIs) containing pyridine were obtained via the microwave-assisted one-step polycondensation of the PyDPM with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), 3,3’,4,4’-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 3,3’,4,4’-diphenylether tetracarboxylic dianhydride (ODPA) and 4,4’-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). Contrarily to the reported similar PIs, these PIs exhibit much higher thermal stability or heat resistance, i.e. high glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 358-473 °C, and the decomposition temperatures at 5% weight loss were over 476 °C under nitrogen. They can afford flexible and strong films with tensile strength of 82.1-93.3 MPa, elongation at break of 3.7%-15.2%, and Young's modulus of 3.3-3.8 GPa. Furthermore, The PI films exhibit good optical transparency with the cutoff wavelength at 313-366 nm and transmittance higher than 73% at 450 nm. The excellent thermal and optical transmittance can be attributed to synthesis method and the introduction of pyridine rings and ortho-methyl groups. The inherent viscosities of PIs via one-step method were found to be 0.58-1.12 dL g−1 in DMAc, much higher than those via two-step method. These results indicate these PIs could be potential candidates for optical substrates of OLEDs

Cytosolic BolA Plays a Repressive Role in the Tolerance against Excess Iron and MV-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants

<div><p>The BolA-like protein is present in all eukaryotes, and it is able to form complex with monothiol glutaredoxin of the same subcellular compartments, suggesting that the BolA-like protein has essential function in eukaryotes, and that the function is associated with its partner glutaredoxin. Some studies have indicated a role for BolA proteins in Fe-S cluster synthesis or in redox homeostasis. However, the physiological function of BolA proteins remains to be elucidated. Here, we report the characterization of an insertion mutant of <i>BolA3</i> in Arabidopsis. Among the four AtBolA proteins found in Arabidopsis, the AtBolA3 was the only BolA located in the cytosol of plant cells. It was highly expressed in roots. AtBolA3 was able to interact with the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS17. The <i>bola3</i> mutant did not show any notable phenotype under normal growth condition, but rather grew better than wild type under some stresses. The <i>bola3</i> mutant was more tolerant to excess iron and the MV-induced oxidative stress than wild type. It displayed no necrosis in leaves, developed longer roots, accumulated more iron and higher Fe-S protein activities in roots. In addition, the mutant possessed a more potent antioxidant defense to scavenge ROS species. Taken together, our data indicated that the cytosolic AtBolA3 has a suppressive role in the tolerance to excess iron and the MV-induced oxidative stress in plants. AtBolA3 seems to be a repressor under some stress conditions.</p></div

Subcellular localization of four AtBolA proteins and tissue specific expression of <i>AtBolA3</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.

<p>(A) Subcellular localization of BolA1, BolA2, BolA3 and BolA4 in Arabidopsis protoplasts, which were transiently transformed with BolA-GFP constructs. CHL: chloroplast; BR: bright field; Merged: GFP and CHL overlay. (B) Spatial expression pattern of AtBolA3prom::GUS in one-week-old seedlings under normal growth condition. (C) Expression of <i>AtBolA3</i> detected by qRT-PCR in various tissues of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> at the vegetative and reproductive stages. The relative expression was calculated as the ratio of the expression of <i>AtBolA3</i> to that of housekeeping gene, <i>AtUBQ11</i>, with four independent biological replicates. VL and VR: leaf and root in the vegetative stage; YL, OL, SL, R, F, P, and S stand for young leaf, rosette leaf, stem leaf, root, flower, pod, seed in the reproductive stage. DS: dry seed.</p