Gender dimensions of child labor and street children in Brazil

The authors review child labor and the situation of street children in Brazil from a gender perspective. Relying primarily on Brazil's national household survey for 1996, the authors examine various dimensions of child labor by gender, including participation, intensity, and type of activities; the relationship between child labor, education, and future earnings; and the risks of child labor to health and well-being. They also summarize approaches to prevent and eliminate child labor and street children in Brazil. The authors find that more boys than girls work in Brazil especially in rural areas where boys are concentrated in the agricultural sector, that many children both work and attend school, and that girls attain higher levels of education than boys on average, even when considering number of hours worked. The exception is the 11-14 category. They also find that an individual's earnings are correlated with age of entry into the labor market. The earlier a child begins to work, the lower his or her earnings. And girls are more adversely affected by early labor force entry than boys, with the gender differential increasing the earlier a child begins to work. Taking poverty as the primary contributor to child labor, government programs to combat child labor are well designed in that they compensate families for a child's foregone earnings and address family factors that lead to poverty. However, programs could be improved by explicitly considering the gender dimensions of child labor. The authors point to the need for analysis of the impact of child labor on health, and specifically to the gender and sex-differentiated impacts. They suggest the need to address gender in intervention strategies for street children, as well as research on child labor in domestic service where girls are overrepresented.Children and Youth,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Gender and Development,Public Health Promotion,Street Children,Street Children,Youth and Governance,Children and Youth,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Adolescent Health

Less social support for women in disadvantaged neighborhoods means that they are more likely to be the victims of intimate partner violence

In new research, Emily M. Wright finds that where women live can have a big influence on how protected they are from intimate partner violence. Using survey data from Chicago women, she finds that social support for women was reduced in areas with higher levels of disadvantage, leading to a greater chance of victimization. While family support was an important protective factor for women, social support from friends actually led to higher frequencies of partner violence

'Now I care': a qualitative study of how overweight adolescents managed their weight in the transition to adulthood

Objectives: A qualitative study of recalled experiences of early adolescent overweight/obesity revealed low levels of weight-related concern. This further analysis aimed to explore weight-related concern and weight-loss efforts as participants transitioned into adulthood. Design, participants and methods: Participants were 35 young adults from a population-based cohort study who had body mass index (BMI) >95th centile between ages 11 and 15 and participated in semistructured interviews aged 24. At age 24, they were categorised as: ‘slimmers’ (N=13) who had lower BMI Z-scores at 24 than their adolescent peak and were not obese (BMI<30 kg/m2); ‘relapsers’ (N=8, of whom 2 were morbidly obese (BMI>35 kg/m2) at age 24); ‘stable’ (N=3, of whom 1 morbidly obese); and ‘gainers’ (N=11, of whom 5 morbidly obese). Themes were identified and coded using NVivo qualitative data analysis software, blind to participants’ current weight status. Results: Contrasting with the lack of concern recalled in respect of earlier adolescence, weight-related concerns and/or desire to lose weight generally increased around the time of school leaving and almost all participants described some form of exercise (formal/informal) and dietary weight-control strategies. Among ‘slimmers’, there was some (subtle) evidence of more consistent use of exercise, self-monitoring of diet and exercise and of lifestyle changes becoming habitual and/or part of identity. Few participants had accessed professional support. Diet clubs seemed to have been used most by ‘gainers’, some only recently. Labour-market and housing transitions were strong influences, described as facilitating weight losses by some, but increases by others. For some participants, it appeared that weight loss was simply a by-product of these transitions. Conclusions: In contrast to earlier adolescence, even the heaviest participants tended to show actual weight loss action or preparation for action. The transition to adulthood could thus be a key life stage for interventions

The Cycle of Exclusion in Local Print News: How News Content Reflects and Reinforces Patriarchy

Print news has been relied upon as a source of information for centuries. Despite recent strides towards gender equality, women are persistently marginalized in news content and newsrooms. This thesis analyzed over 950 staff-written Milwaukee Journal Sentinel stories and conducted 19 interviews with both men and women staff reporters and editors to examine how patriarchy might infiltrate local print news. I analyzed how women and men authors, sources and subjects are included or excluded from the news. Furthermore, this thesis examines the gendered division of labor within the newsroom

How to Treat America\u27s Leper: Why Sex Offender Supervision Needs Revision

Most citizens believe that sex offenders re-offend at a significantly higher rate than thieves, drug dealers, or average criminals. In 2003, the United States Supreme Court stated sex offenders’ recidivism rates are, “frightening and high.” Taking a cue from the Supreme Court itself, attorney Robert C. Montgomery, arguing in support of a North Carolina law banning sex offenders from social media platforms, stated, “This Court has recognized that [sex offenders] have a high rate of recidivism and are very likely to do this again.” A recent New York Times article revealed that the Supreme Court’s 2003 recidivism statistics were pulled from Psychology Today, and stated that lawmakers and judges would be better served if they based their judgments on facts, not myths. Despite these assertions and public opinion, it is much more accurate to describe sex offender’s recidivism rate as low. Part I of this article will discuss how we are currently treating and managing sex offenders and how different programs impact sex offender recidivism. Part II of this article will describe how we currently manage sex offenders. Part III of this article will explore the driving forces behind the public misperception of sex offender recidivism rates and what the actual recidivism rates are. Lastly, Part IV of this article will propose various changes to the current management of sex offenders and what programs should be continued based on their reduction of recidivism

The Relationship Between Social Support and Intimate Partner Violence in Neighborhood Context

Social support has been recognized as a protective factor associated with reduced intimate partner violence (IPV). A question that few studies have examined, however, is whether the effectiveness of social support on IPV is conditioned by the neighborhood in which it occurs. This study investigated whether the separate effects of support from friends and family members on partner violence were conditioned by neighborhood disadvantage. Results indicated that social support from family significantly reduced the prevalence and frequency of IPV, whereas support from friends was associated with higher frequencies of partner violence. Importantly, the effects of social support were contextualized by neighborhood disadvantage, with the impact of both forms of social support on IPV being diminished in neighborhoods characterized by higher levels of disadvantage

Providing therapy in the context of third party determined time limits: A mixed methods study of psychologists' experiences of working in pre-set timeframes

Psychological services in Australia are frequently provided in the context of third party payers who impose time limits based on reasons other than particular client (or therapist) characteristics. Time limits may function as a useful clinical factor in the provision of therapy, for example through accelerating treatment. Less is known about the third party imposition of time limits and the impact they may have on psychotherapy from the perspective of psychologists. The present study investigates the impact of time limits imposed in this manner from the viewpoint of practising psychologists. Practising psychologists took part in a mixed methods study. Twenty seven participated in a semi-structured interview, and eighty-five completed a mailed questionnaire. Interviews were analysed thematically, while both qualitative content analysis and statistical analyses were applied to questionnaires. The interview and questionnaire findings were congruent, both showing that a time limit makes a difference to psychologists. Psychologists are less satisfied with treatment that can be provided in the time limited as opposed to time unlimited context. However, they also perceived benefit in terms of improved client access to psychologists and improvements in the efficiency of therapy. Participants reported that the system of third party referrals had an impact on them that was over and above the impact that a time limit itself had, for example, the fact they were externally managed. The broader context therefore reportedly brought with it the need for psychologists to adapt their treatment to the context of the service. Psychologists reported that, in response to time limits, they often changed their treatment type, for example, from a psychodynamic to cognitive behavioural approach. They also made more general changes, such as moving quicker through the process of therapy and becoming more directive and less client-centred. Perceived outcomes were also affected by the time-limited context. How psychologists conceive of, report, and achieve outcomes is different in this context, and overall outcomes were perceived as weaker. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that time limits impact upon psychologists in important ways with regard to the process and outcomes of psychotherapy. The broader system of third party referrals has implications for the delivery of psychological services in Australia, which clinical understandings of time limitation have not accounted for. Previous research has shown that the number of sessions available makes a difference, but the present research shows that a time limit cannot be separated from the system under which it is imposed, because once it is imposed, it has implications throughout the whole process

The Upshot Of Upgrading: Seaweed Farming And Value Chain Development In Indonesia

M.A. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

Te efect of experiencing child physical abuse on violence in adolescence is weakest in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods

It is reasonably well established that those who suffer physical abuse as children are more likely to be violent as adolescents and young adults. It is less well known, however, whether the effects of abuse are amplified or made weaker by the social circumstances in which a child lives