Māori farming trusts - A preliminary scoping investigation into the governance and management of large dairy farm businesses.

This preliminary scoping study investigates areas for possible improvement in the governance and management of large Māori dairy farm businesses. Building on the innovative practices of their tūpuna – including Rawiri Taiwhanga, the country’s first commercial dairy farmer – Māori are defining their own aspirations, realities and goals in the dairy farming world (Durie 1998, 2000). This report outlines these, and their accompanying challenges, as expressed by individuals and collectives currently engaged in Māori Dairy farm businesses. The Māori way of doing business is described in this study as having a ‘Quadruple Bottom Line of Profit, People, Environment and Community’ business objectives. More specifically, ‘Māori farms often have an inverted Quadruple Bottom Line. People, Environment and their Community often come before Profit….but without Profit none of it happens.’ Māori strategic plans and business values place emphasis on relationships, responsibilities, reciprocity and respect. These are exemplars of a Māori world-view, which explicitly acknowledges particular historic and cultural contexts (Tapsell and Woods 2010). The strategic management plans of the Māori Farming Trusts illustrate the spiral or matrix of values ‘He korunga o nga tikanga’ envisaged by Nicholson, Hēnare and Woods (2012). They prioritise the development of social capital to create competitive advantage. Such strategic plans reflect Māori vision and aspirations. These are to sustain and grow the land base; to provide leadership and guidance for the whānau; to develop capacity and resources within the Trusts and to perform better as businesses.DairyNZ Ltd, Ministry for Primary Industries (NZ

Phosphinates as new electrophilic reagents for cross-coupling reactions

Activated esters, e.g. triflates, sulfonates, nonaflates and phosphates are excellent electrophiles for a variety of cross-coupling reactions. However, other phosphorus-based esters have received little attention in these protocols. This thesis discusses the synthesis and cross-coupling chemistry of vinyl phosphinates, a new class of electrophilic species. A simple model vinyl phosphinate, N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepin-2-yl-diphenylphosphinate, was prepared in excellent yield from commercially available caprolactam. A screening study identified Suzuki cross-coupling conditions under which this phosphinate smoothly coupled with a variety of electron-rich, electron-poor and sterically-hindered boronic acids. The scope and limitations of this chemistry were investigated and a variety of electron-withdrawing nitrogen protecting groups, e.g. Boc, CO(_2)Ph, C0(_2)Bn and Ts could be used without problem. However, electron-donating protecting groups, e.g. Me and Bn proved unsuccessful. Additionally, where seven and eight-membered ring lactam phosphinates coupled efficiently, five and six-membered ring derivatives proved largely unsuccessful. Relative reactivity studies were carried out with N-phenyloxycarbonyl-2- (diphenylphosphinoyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-6-bromoquinolone and indicated that the reactivity of vinyl phosphinates lies between that of aryl chlorides and aryl bromides in the Suzuki reaction. Attempts to improve the efficiency of the cross-coupling of this substrate using DoE and PCA modelling was attempted, but was largely unsuccessful. Studies towards the total synthesis of Lennoxamine via a cross-coupling reaction between a benzazepine-derived vinyl phosphinate and 2,3-dimethoxy-N-(2'-phenylpropan-2-yl)-6-(tributylstannyl) benzamide were commenced. Synthesis of the stannane was achieved in high yield via a directed metallation strategy. Unfortunately, preliminary attempts to cross-couple this stannane with N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-1 H-azepin-2-yl diphenylphosphinate in a model reaction were unsuccessful. Synthesis of the desired benzazepine phosphinate fragment proved more difficult and although progress has been made, this work remains unfinished. Additionally, treatment of N-([4'-methylphenyl]sulfonyl)-2-oxo-azepane with LDA/TMEDA in the presence of diphenylphosphoryl chloride afforded the sultam 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methylazepino[1,2-b][1,2]benzothiazole-10,10-dioxide in moderate yield. A range of aryl sulfonamides could be used affording the corresponding sultams in moderate yields

Variability of Solar Five-Minute Oscillations in the Corona as Observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ESP) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (SDO/EVE)

Solar five-minute oscillations have been detected in the power spectra of two six-day time intervals from soft X-ray measurements of the Sun observed as a star using the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ESP) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). The frequencies of the largest amplitude peaks were found matching within 3.7 microHz the known low-degree (l = 0--3) modes of global acoustic oscillations, and can be explained by a leakage of the global modes into the corona. Due to strong variability of the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the corona the frequencies and amplitudes of the coronal oscillations are likely to vary with time. We investigate the variations in the power spectra for individual days and their association with changes of solar activity, e.g. with the mean level of the EUV irradiance, and its short-term variations due to evolving active regions. Our analysis of samples of one-day oscillation power spectra for a 49-day period of low and intermediate solar activity showed little correlation with the mean EUV irradiance and the short-term variability of the irradiance. We suggest that some other changes in the solar atmosphere, e.g. magnetic fields and/or inter-network configuration may affect the mode leakage to the corona.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figure

School Leadership and Equity : an examination of policy response in Scotland

In this paper we adopt a critical perspective on the implementation of policy on school leadership and equity in Scotland, viewing policy as both an attempt to solve problems and an attempt to persuade social actors to subscribe to particular beliefs that delineate action. We begin by offering a definition of “policy response”, and then examine how policy “conversations” establish consensus around such things as school leadership and equity. We examine Scottish policy on school leadership and equity and consider what practices this policy does, and does not permit. In so doing, our examination of the implementation of policy on school leadership and equity in Scotland acknowledges that such policy is in part extemporized, and in part the attempt to make inevitable a “de-stated” account of governance. We conclude by contextualising our forthcoming empirical study of the Leadership Standards for Social Justice in Scotlan

A method for decomposing the impact of reforms on the long-run income distribution, with an application to universal credit

Income inequality, as well as the impact of tax and benefit reforms on it, has typically been evaluated with respect to ‘snapshot’ incomes, measured over short periods such as one week or year. But longitudinal data allows long-run measures of income to be used, which will be of interest to policymakers interested in persistent, rather than only temporary, poverty. We show that the long-run distributional impact of a reform is the combination of three effects: a ‘static’ effect, which would be observed if individuals’ circumstances were consistent throughout their life; an ‘income dynamics’ effect, resulting from individuals moving around the income distribution over time; and a ‘tagging’ effect, resulting from the reform affecting individuals differently according to whether they have a characteristic predictive of long-run income conditional on current income. We propose a simple method to decompose these three effects for any inequality, poverty, or distributional statistic. We use the method to examine the distributional impact of the introduction of ‘Universal Credit’, the most important reform to the UK benefit system in decades. We show that Universal Credit is less regressive on a long-run basis than a snapshot one, partly because of income dynamics but also because it reduces entitlements for (or ‘negatively tags’) those who are more likely to find a period of low income to be temporary, rather than persistent

Surface modifications based on the cyanobacterial siderophore anachelin: from structure to functional biomaterials design

This review describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel catechol based anchors for surface modification. The anachelin chromophore, the catecholate fragment of the siderophore anachelin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, allows for the immobilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on titania and glass surfaces thus rendering them protein resistant and antifouling. It is proposed that catecholate siderophores constitute a class of natural products useful for surface modification similar to dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine derived compounds found in mussel adhesive proteins. Second-generation dopamine derivatives featuring a quaternary ammonium group were found to be equally efficient in generating antifouling surfaces. The anachelin chromophore, merged via a PEG linker to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, allowed for the generation of antimicrobial surfaces through an operationally simple dip-and-rinse procedure. This approach offers an option for the prevention of nosocomial infections through antimicrobial implants, catheters and stents. Consequences for the mild generation of functional biomaterials are discussed and novel strategies for the immobilization of complex natural products, proteins and DNA on surfaces are presente

A Compact Full-disk Solar Magnetograph based on miniaturization of GONG instrument

Designing compact instruments is the key for the scientific exploration by smaller spacecrafts such as cubesats or by deep space missions. Such missions require compact instrument designs to have minimal instrument mass. Here we present a proof of concept for miniaturization of the Global Oscillation Network Group GONG instrument. GONG instrument routinely obtains solar full disk Doppler and magnetic field maps of the solar photosphere using Ni 676 nm absorption line. A key concept for miniaturization of GONG optical design is to replace the bulky Lyot filter with a narrow-band interference filter and reduce the length of feed telescope. We present validation of the concept via numerical modeling as well as by proof of concept observations.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Prospectus, May 1, 1985

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1985/1012/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, July 3, 1986

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1986/1016/thumbnail.jp