Time lower bounds for nonadaptive turnstile streaming algorithms

We say a turnstile streaming algorithm is "non-adaptive" if, during updates, the memory cells written and read depend only on the index being updated and random coins tossed at the beginning of the stream (and not on the memory contents of the algorithm). Memory cells read during queries may be decided upon adaptively. All known turnstile streaming algorithms in the literature are non-adaptive. We prove the first non-trivial update time lower bounds for both randomized and deterministic turnstile streaming algorithms, which hold when the algorithms are non-adaptive. While there has been abundant success in proving space lower bounds, there have been no non-trivial update time lower bounds in the turnstile model. Our lower bounds hold against classically studied problems such as heavy hitters, point query, entropy estimation, and moment estimation. In some cases of deterministic algorithms, our lower bounds nearly match known upper bounds

Photoelectron diffraction: from phenomenological demonstration to practical tool

The potential of photoelectron diffraction—exploiting the coherent interference of directly-emitted and elastically scattered components of the photoelectron wavefield emitted from a core level of a surface atom to obtain structural information—was first appreciated in the 1970s. The first demonstrations of the effect were published towards the end of that decade, but the method has now entered the mainstream armoury of surface structure determination. This short review has two objectives: First, to outline the way that the idea emerged and the way this evolved in my own collaboration with Neville Smith and his colleagues at Bell Labs in the early years: Second, to provide some insight into the current state-of-the art in application of (scanned-energy mode) photoelectron diffraction to address two key issue in quantitative surface structure determination, namely, complexity and precision. In this regard a particularly powerful aspect of photoelectron diffraction is its elemental and chemical-state specificity

The local adsorption structure of benzene on Si(001)-(2 × 1): a photoelectron diffraction investigation

Scanned-energy mode C 1s photoelectron diffraction has been used to investigate the local adsorption geometry of benzene on Si(001) at saturation coverage and room temperature. The results show that two different local bonding geometries coexist, namely the 'standard butterfly' (SB) and 'tilted bridge' (TB) forms, with a composition of 58 ± 29% of the SB species. Detailed structural parameter values are presented for both species including Si–C bond lengths. On the basis of published measurements of the rate of conversion of the SB to the TB form on this surface, we estimate that the timescale of our experiment is sufficient for achieving equilibrium, and in this case our results indicate that the difference in the Gibbs free energy of adsorption, ΔG(TB)−ΔG(SB), is in the range −0.023 to +0.049 eV. We suggest, however, that the relative concentration of the two species may also be influenced by a combination of steric effects influencing the kinetics, and a sensitivity of the adsorption energies of the adsorbed SB and TB forms to the nature of the surrounding benzene molecules

Studies with a spontaneous mouse tumor. I. Growth in normal mice and response to Corynebacterium parvum.

Growth of isogeneic transplants of a spontaneous murine adenocarcinoma, which is virtually devoid of tumour-specific transplantation antigens, is inhibited by i.v. injection of C. parvum 3 days after tumour inoculation, or by mixing a small dose of C. parvum with the tumour inoculum. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of cyclophosphamide, followed by i.v. or i.p. injection of C. parvum 5 days later, on established transplants of the same tumour is greater than that of cyclophosphamide alone. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in both situations (i.e. before the appearance of a palpable tumour and after reduction of an established tumour transplant with cyclophosphamide) the effect of C. parvum is largely due to activation of macrophages or macrophage precursors. They have the important practical implication that adjuvant therapy with C. parvum may be of value, even with tumours which are devoid of TSTA

The Keck Aperture Masking Experiment: spectro-interferometry of 3 Mira Variables from 1.1 to 3.8 microns

We present results from a spectro-interferometric study of the Miras o Cet, R Leo and W Hya obtained with the Keck Aperture Masking Experiment from 1998 Sep to 2002 Jul. The spectrally dispersed visibility data permit fitting with circularly symmetric brightness profiles such as a simple uniform disk. The stellar angular diameter obtained over up to ~ 450 spectral channels spaning the region 1.1-3.8 microns is presented. Use of a simple uniform disk brightness model facilitates comparison between epochs and with existing data and theoretical models. Strong size variations with wavelength were recorded for all stars, probing zones of H2O, CO, OH, and dust formation. Comparison with contemporaneous spectra extracted from our data show a strong anti-correlation between the observed angular diameter and flux. These variations consolidate the notion of a complex stellar atmosphere consisting of molecular shells with time-dependent densities and temperatures. Our findings are compared with existing data and pulsation models. The models were found to reproduce the functional form of the wavelength vs. angular diameter curve well, although some departures are noted in the 2.8-3.5 micron range.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures Accepted to Ap

The structure of the Au(111)/methylthiolate interface : new insights from near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray standing waves

The local structure of the Au(111)([square root of]3×[square root of]3)R30°-methylthiolate surface phase has been investigated by S K-edge near-edge s-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) both experimentally and theoretically and by experimental normal-incidence x-ray standing waves (NIXSW) at both the C and S atomic sites. NEXAFS shows not only excitation into the intramolecular sigma* S–C resonance but also into a sigma* S–Au orbital perpendicular to the surface, clearly identifying the local S headgroup site as atop a Au atom. Simulations show that it is not possible, however, to distinguish between the two possible adatom reconstruction models; a single thiolate species atop a hollow-site Au adatom or a dithiolate moiety comprising two thiolate species bonded to a bridge-bonded Au adatom. Within this dithiolate moiety a second sigma* S–Au orbital that lies near parallel to the surface has a higher energy that overlaps that of the sigma* S–C resonance. The new NIXSW data show the S–C bond to be tilted by 61° relative to the surface normal, with a preferred azimuthal orientation in , corresponding to the intermolecular nearest-neighbor directions. This azimuthal orientation is consistent with the thiolate being atop a hollow-site Au adatom, but not consistent with the originally proposed Au-adatom-dithiolate moiety. However, internal conformational changes within this species could, perhaps, render this model also consistent with the experimental data

Private Aggregation from Fewer Anonymous Messages

Consider the setup where $n$ parties are each given a number $x_i \in \mathbb{F}_q$ and the goal is to compute the sum $\sum_i x_i$ in a secure fashion and with as little communication as possible. We study this problem in the anonymized model of Ishai et al. (FOCS 2006) where each party may broadcast anonymous messages on an insecure channel. We present a new analysis of the one-round "split and mix" protocol of Ishai et al. In order to achieve the same security parameter, our analysis reduces the required number of messages by a $\Theta(\log n)$ multiplicative factor. We complement our positive result with lower bounds showing that the dependence of the number of messages on the domain size, the number of parties, and the security parameter is essentially tight. Using a reduction of Balle et al. (2019), our improved analysis of the protocol of Ishai et al. yields, in the same model, an $\left(\varepsilon, \delta\right)$-differentially private protocol for aggregation that, for any constant $\varepsilon > 0$ and any $\delta = \frac{1}{\mathrm{poly}(n)}$, incurs only a constant error and requires only a constant number of messages per party. Previously, such a protocol was known only for $\Omega(\log n)$ messages per party.Comment: 31 pages; 1 tabl

Optimal Principal Component Analysis in Distributed and Streaming Models

We study the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) problem in the distributed and streaming models of computation. Given a matrix $A \in R^{m \times n},$ a rank parameter $k < rank(A)$, and an accuracy parameter $0 < \epsilon < 1$, we want to output an $m \times k$ orthonormal matrix $U$ for which $$|| A - U U^T A ||_F^2 \le \left(1 + \epsilon \right) \cdot || A - A_k||_F^2,$$ where $A_k \in R^{m \times n}$ is the best rank-$k$ approximation to $A$. This paper provides improved algorithms for distributed PCA and streaming PCA.Comment: STOC2016 full versio

CU Comae: a new field double-mode RR Lyrae, the most metal poor discovered to date

We report the discovery of a new double-mode RR Lyrae variable (RRd) in the field of our Galaxy: CU Comae. CU Comae is the sixth such RRd identified to date and is the most metal-poor RRd ever detected. Based on BVI CCD photometry spanning eleven years of observations, we find that CU Comae has periods P0=0.5441641 +/-0.0000049d and P1=0.4057605 +/-0.0000018d. The amplitude of the primary (first-overtone) period of CU Comae is about twice the amplitude of the secondary (fundamental) period. The combination of the fundamental period of pulsation P0 and the period ratio of P1/P0=0.7457 places the variable on the metal-poor side of the Petersen diagram, in the region occupied by M68 and M15 RRd's. A mass of 0.83 solar masses is estimated for CU Comae using an updated theoretical calibration of the Petersen diagram. High resolution spectroscopy (R=30,000) covering the full pulsation cycle of CU Comae was obtained with the 2.7 m telescope of the Mc Donald Observatory, and has been used to build up the radial velocity curve of the variable. Abundance analysis done on the four spectra taken near minimum light (phase: 0.54 -- 0.71) confirms the metal poor nature of CU Comae, for which we derive [Fe/H]=-2.38 +/-0.20. This value places this new RRd at the extreme metal-poor edge of the metallicity distribution of the RR Lyrae variables in our Galaxy.Comment: 21 pages including 8 Tables, Latex, 11 Figures. Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal, October 2000 issu

Structural analysis of Pt(1 1 1)c(√3 × 5)rect.–CO using photoelectron diffraction

Core level shift scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction using the two distinct components of the C 1s emission has been used to determine the structure of the Pt(1 1 1)c(√3 × 5)rect.–CO phase formed by 0.6 ML of adsorbed CO. The results confirm earlier assignments of these components to CO in atop and bridging sites, further confirm that the best structural model involves a 2:1 occupation ratio of these two sites, and provides quantitative structural parameter values. In particular the Pt–C chemisorption bondlengths for the atop and bridging sites are, respectively, 1.86 ± 0.02 Å and 2.02 ± 0.04 Å. These values are closely similar to those found in the 0.5 ML coverage c(4 × 2) phase, involving an atop:bridge occupation ratio of 1:1, obtained in earlier quantitative low energy electron diffraction studies. The results also indicate a clear tilt of the molecular axis of atop CO species in this compression phase, consistent with the finding of an earlier electron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution investigatio