Le travail non rémunéré des familles

Cet article porte sur le travail non rémunéré effectué au sein du foyer, qui occupe une place centrale dans l’économie. Loin de se limiter aux tâches domestiques courantes, il comprend l’ensemble des soins aux personnes dépendantes (enfants, personnes âgées, malades en particulier), qu’elles soient membres du ménage ou du réseau familial. En s’appuyant sur une série d’enquêtes longitudinales menées en Espagne depuis près d’une décennie, l’auteure montre que ce sont principalement les femmes mariées de 30 à 59 ans, appartenant aux catégories sociales les moins favorisées, qui assument les plus lourdes charges en la matière. Se fondant sur les projections démographiques liées au vieillissement de la population et à la montée de l’activité professionnelle féminine, elle présente un modèle — l’échelle de Madrid — qui permet d’anticiper les mesures à prendre, sachant que les besoins exponentiels ne pourront être satisfaits que s’ils sont partagés, externalisés et rémunérés en grande partie.Peer reviewe

Efficiency of hospitals in Germany: a DEA-bootstrap approach

Various attempts to assess the performance of German hospitals have generated a wide range of estimates regarding their efficiency. These attempts were based on different, often rather small data sets consisting of heterogeneous hospitals; the techniques applied range from simple benchmarking approaches to studies which employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Some studies report 'dramatic differences in efficiency' and propose savings potentials of 50%; others find an average efficiency in excess of 95% and characterize almost 75% of their observations as fully efficient. This study presents results for two datasets representative of two segments of the German hospital system. These segments comprise all hospitals that have one internal medicine and one surgery department; the hospitals are located in the old federal states of Germany. None of the hospitals provides tertiary care. DEA can be applied because all hospitals offer a comparable quality and range of services. The results were estimated with a DEA-bootstrapping procedure and suggest an average bias-corrected efficiency of around 80%.

Eco-efficiency analysis of consumer durables using absolute shadow prices

C61, D61, D62, Activity analysis, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Environmental efficiency, Product evaluation, Sport utility vehicles (SUVs),

Current Status of Allograft Tolerance in Intestinal Transplantation

Solid organ transplantation has become a clinical practice after the development of different immunosuppressive drugs that allowed controlling rejection. The price to be paid for that is the permanent risk of infections and malignancies and a significant drug-associated toxicity. The establishment of transplant tolerance has been the “holy grail” for transplantation medicine since its beginnings. Different experimental approaches and clinical trials resulted in the accumulation of knowledge on mechanisms and strategies that favor the establishment of tolerance without achieving the objective of autonomous allograft tolerance in the clinical field. Development of tolerance in intestinal transplantation constitutes a challenging situation due to several particular features that contribute to the generation of a strong allogeneic response. In the present review, we summarize the different immune mechanisms that may contribute to allograft tolerance. The different barriers that should be bypassed in intestinal transplantation to tolerate the graft are discussed. Finally, we revise the strategies that were applied with different degrees of success in the clinical field including the most promising recent approaches and the forthcoming candidates in the field that might be translated into clinical trials in the near future.Fil: Meier, Dominik. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fundación Favaloro; ArgentinaFil: Rumbo, Martín. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gondolesi, Gabriel Eduardo. Fundación Favaloro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin