Settlement Patterns on the Swedish Countryside in the Emerging Knowledge Society

As in other countries, urbanization and industrialization in Sweden was two sides of the same coin. To a large extent, the Swedish urbanization took place at a low level with the emergence of many small towns. The last decades, a redistribution of the urban population to bigger cities has happened. Simultaneously, the real countryside has increased its population around the big and mid-sized cities within commuting distance, but the countryside has also increased its share of the population in a majority of municipalities. Westlund (2002) found that the countryside’s population growth 1990-97 primarily could be explained by income and the size of the local labor market. In this paper, we examine the current trends of population development and extend the possible explanatory variables to among others, some variables measuring local social capital.

IPO Pricing with Bookbuilding and a When-Issued Market

This paper examines the German IPO pricing process which combines bookbuilding with a liquid pre-IPO when-issued market. We find no partial adjustment phenomenon, as has been documented for U.S. IPOs. We thus find no evidence that bookbuilding provides information for IPO pricing, beyond the information that is required to set preliminary price ranges. Once price ranges are set, when-issued trading commences and indicates how IPOs should be priced in the primary market. However, the evidence suggests that such trading does not fully supplant information gathering through bookbuilding.Initial public offerings, Bookbuilding, When-issued trading

Räumliche Autokorrelationsanalyse und Geographische Informationssysteme

Series: Research Reports of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScienc

Ab Initio Identification of the Nitrogen Diffusion Mechanism in Silicon

In this Letter, we present ab initio results identifying a new diffusion path for the nitrogen pair complex in silicon, resulting in an effective diffusivity of 67exp (-2.38 eV/kT) cm^2/s. This nudged elastic band result is compared with other nitrogen diffusion paths and mechanisms, and is determined to have unmatched agreement with experimental results. It is also shown that careful consideration of total energy corrections and use of a fully temperature-dependent diffusion prefactor have modest but important effects on the calculation of diffusivity for paired and for interstitial nitrogen

Organic Acid Excretion in Penicillium ochrochloron Increases with Ambient pH

Despite being of high biotechnological relevance, many aspects of organic acid excretion in filamentous fungi like the influence of ambient pH are still insufficiently understood. While the excretion of an individual organic acid may peak at a certain pH value, the few available studies investigating a broader range of organic acids indicate that total organic acid excretion rises with increasing external pH. We hypothesized that this phenomenon might be a general response of filamentous fungi to increased ambient pH. If this is the case, the observation should be widely independent of the organism, growth conditions, or experimental design and might therefore be a crucial key point in understanding the function and mechanisms of organic acid excretion in filamentous fungi. In this study we explored this hypothesis using ammonium-limited chemostat cultivations (pH 2–7), and ammonium or phosphate-limited bioreactor batch cultivations (pH 5 and 7). Two strains of Penicillium ochrochloron were investigated differing in the spectrum of excreted organic acids. Confirming our hypothesis, the main result demonstrated that organic acid excretion in P. ochrochloron was enhanced at high external pH levels compared to low pH levels independent of the tested strain, nutrient limitation, and cultivation method. We discuss these findings against the background of three hypotheses explaining organic acid excretion in filamentous fungi, i.e., overflow metabolism, charge balance, and aggressive acidification hypothesis

Green Guidance: sustainability in educational guidance and career guidance. The example of educational guidance in Lower Austria and the project "Green Jobs for YOU"

Nachhaltigkeit gewinnt bei der Berufswahl zunehmend an Bedeutung. "Green Jobs" und "Green Skills" sind gefragt und werden auch öffentlich gefördert. Bildungsberatung kann hier mit "Green Guidance" einen zentralen Beitrag leisten. Diese "grüne" Bildungs- und Berufsberatung schafft bei ihren Zielgruppen ein Bewusstsein für die Auswirkungen der Bildungs- und Berufswahl auf die Umwelt gleichwie ein Bewusstsein für Fragen der sozialen Gerechtigkeit und leistet damit einen Beitrag für eine gerechte und nachhaltige Zukunft. Die Bildungs- und Berufsberatung Niederösterreich (bbn) und das niederösterreichische Projekt "Green Jobs for YOU" setzten erste Schritte in Richtung Green Guidance. So hat die bbn einen Zehn-Schritte-Plan zu Green Guidance erarbeitet, darunter einschlägige Weiterbildung der Berater*innen, verstärkte Vernetzung und Auseinandersetzung mit vulnerablen Zielgruppen der Bildungsberatung oder CO2-neutrales Pendeln zu den Beratungsstandorten in den Regionen. Auch beteiligt sich die Bildungsberatung Niederösterreich am Projekt "Green Jobs for YOU", das Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zielgerichtet an Green Jobs heranführen will und dabei unter anderem einen Fokus auf Frauen in technischen Berufen legt. (DIPF/Orig.)Sustainability is becoming increasingly important in the choice of a career. Green jobs and green skills are in demand and also supported by the government. Educational guidance can make a major contribution with green guidance. In its target groups, this "green" educational guidance and career guidance raises awareness of the impact of one\u27s education and career choice on the environment as well as of issues related to social justice, thereby contributing to a just and sustainable future. Educational Guidance Lower Austria (Bildungsberatung Niederösterreich - bbn in German) and the Lower Austrian project "Green Jobs for YOU" are taking their first steps toward green guidance. bbn has worked out a ten-step green guidance plan including professional development for counsellors, increased networking and analysis of vulnerable target groups for educational guidance or CO2-neutral commuting to the guidance sites in the regions. Educational Guidance Lower Austria is also participating in the project "Green Jobs for YOU", which aims to introduce teenagers and young adults to green jobs and also focuses on women in technical professions. (DIPF/Orig.

Upward Lightning at the Gaisberg Tower: Initiation Mechanism and Flash Type and the Atmospheric Influence

Upward lightning is much rarer than downward lightning and requires tall ($100+$~m) structures to initiate. It may be either triggered by other lightning discharges or completely self-initiated. While conventional lightning location systems reliably detect downward lightning, they miss a specific flash type of upward lightning that consists only of a continuous current. Globally, only few specially instrumented towers can detect this flash type. The proliferation of wind turbines in combination with large damage from upward lightning necessitates an improved understanding under which conditions the self-initiated and the undetected subtype of upward lightning occur. To find larger-scale meteorological conditions favorable for self-initiated and undetectable upward lightning, this study uses a random forest machine learning model. It combines direct measurements at the specially instrumented tower at Gaisberg mountain in Austria with explanatory variables from larger-scale atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5). Atmospheric variables reliably explain whether upward lightning is self-initiated by the tower or triggered by other lightning discharges. The most important variable is the height of the $-10~^\circ$C isotherm above the tall structure: the closer it is the higher is the probability of self-initiated upward lightning. Two-meter temperature and the amount of CAPE are also important. For the occurrence of upward lightning undetectable by lightning location systems, this study finds a strong relationship to the absence of lightning in the vicinity