La trilogie « Europe » de Lars von Trier : un voyage dans la psyché postmoderne

Le réalisateur danois Lars von Trier (né en 1956) est considéré comme le plus grand cinéaste danois depuis Carl Th. Dreyer (1889-1968) et compte parmi les grands novateurs du cinéma européen. Avec Dogme 95, dont le but est de revenir au film comme expression des sentiments en se focalisant sur les performances d’acteurs et non plus sur des détails techniques compliqués, il est arrivé à établir le nouvel ordre du jour artistique du cinéma international. La thématique du voyage joue un rôle important dans ses trois premiers films The Element of Crime, Epidemic, et Europa, également appelés trilogie « Europe », qui traitent tous de l’échec du héros idéaliste dans une Europe fruste et inhumaine. Le policier Fischer dans The Element of Crime, le médecin Mesmer dans Epidemic et Leo Kessler dans Europa voyagent tous les trois pour sauver le monde du meurtre et de la ruine, mais finissent par déclencher eux-mêmes la catastrophe finale. La trilogie « Europe » décrit le voyage d’apprentissage postmoderne au sein duquel la prise de conscience conduit à l’anéantissement de la personnalité au lieu de mener à la compréhension et à l’harmonie. Mais Trier utilise en même temps ces trois œuvres pour faire des expériences sur le support cinématographique lui-même et ses formes d’expression, dans un mouvement de révolte contre son esthétique conventionnelle, afin, de ce fait, de s’approcher d’une expression suggestive capable d’atteindre ces instants de magie que le réalisateur considère être le but suprême du cinéma.Der dä­ni­sche Filmregisseur Lars von Trier (geb. 1956) gilt in sei­nem Lande als der grös­ste Filmemacher seit Carl Th. Dreyer (1889-1968) und ge­hört zu den grös­sten Erneuern der eu­ro­pä­i­schen Filmkunst. Mit dem Dogma 95, das die Rückkehr zum Film als Ausdruck der Gefühle mit der Betonung der schau­spie­le­ri­schen Leistung an­statt kom­pli­zier­ter tech­ni­scher Details zum Ziel hat, schuf Lars von Trier ­nichts ge­rin­ge­res als eine Art künst­le­ri­sche Tagesordnung für den in­ter­na­tio­na­len Film. In sei­nen er­sten drei Filmen, The Element of Crime, Epidemic und Europa, auch Europa-Trilogie ge­nannt, die alle von einem to­ta­len Zusammenbruch eines ide­a­li­sti­schen Helden in einem un­mensch­li­chen Europa han­deln, bil­det das Reisethema ein wich­ti­ges Element. Der Polizist Fisher in The Element of Crime, der Arzt Mesmer in Epidemic und Leo Kessler in Europa rei­sen alle ins Ausland, um die Welt von Mord und Untergang zu ret­ten, aber ohne ­selbst die ab­schlies­sende Katastrophe zu ver­hin­dern. Die Europa-Trilogie be­schreibt so eine Art post­mo­derne Bildungsreise, die, an­statt zu Verständnis und Harmonie, zum per­sön­li­chen Zusammenbruch führt. Aber gleich­zei­tig be­nutzt Trier diese drei Werke auch dazu, mit dem Medium Film und des­sen Ausdrucksformen gegen die kon­ven­tio­nelle Ästhetik zu re­bel­lie­ren und ver­sucht durch eine sug­ge­stive Ausdrucksform, die ma­gi­sche Energie der Augenblicke zu er­rei­chen, die der Filmemacher ­selbst als höch­stes Ziel an­sieht

The PanCareSurFup consortium:research and guidelines to improve lives for survivors of childhood cancer

Background: Second malignant neoplasms and cardiotoxicity are among the most serious and frequent adverse health outcomes experienced by childhood and adolescent cancer survivors (CCSs) and contribute significantly to their increased risk of premature mortality. Owing to differences in health-care systems, language and culture across the continent, Europe has had limited success in establishing multi-country collaborations needed to assemble the numbers of survivors required to clarify the health issues arising after successful cancer treatment. PanCareSurFup (PCSF) is the first pan-European project to evaluate some of the serious long-term health risks faced by survivors. This article sets out the overall rationale, methods and preliminary results of PCSF. Methods: The PCSF consortium pooled data from 13 cancer registries and hospitals in 12 European countries to evaluate subsequent primary malignancies, cardiac disease and late mortality in survivors diagnosed between ages 0 and 20 years. In addition, PCSF integrated radiation dosimetry to sites of second malignancies and to the heart, developed evidence-based guidelines for long-term care and for transition services, and disseminated results to survivors and the public. Results: We identified 115,596 individuals diagnosed with cancer, of whom 83,333 were 5-year survivors and diagnosed from 1940 to 2011. This single data set forms the basis for cohort analyses of subsequent malignancies, cardiac disease and late mortality and case–control studies of subsequent malignancies and cardiac disease in 5-year survivors. Conclusions: PCSF delivered specific estimates of risk and comprehensive guidelines to help survivors and care-givers. The expected benefit is to provide every European CCS with improved access to care and better long-term health

Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum towards utilization of Methanol as carbon and energy source

Methanol is a pure and inexpensive raw material, which is mainly produced from fossil-fuel-based synthesis gas. Over the past years, new approaches were developed for its production from renewable carbon sources. In the chemical industry, methanol is already an important carbon feedstock, but it has found only limited application in biotechnology. This can predominantly be attributed to the inability of important microbial platform organisms to utilize this C$_{1}$ compound. With the aim to make methanol a suitable substrate for microbial production processes, the non-methylotrophic and industrially important amino acid-producing bacterium $\textit{Corynebacterium glutamicum}$ was engineered towards the utilization of methanol as auxiliary carbon source in a sugar-based medium. Initial experiments on the response of $\textit{C. glutamicum}$ to methanol showed that this organismis able to oxidize methanol to CO$_{2}$ during the stationary phase with a rate of 0.83 ± 0.2 mM/h(2.8 ± 0.5 nmol min$^{-1}$ mg CDW$^{-1}$) in glucose/methanol defined medium. Methanol oxidation was shown to be subject to carbon catabolite repression in the presence of glucose and to be dependent on the transcriptional regulator RamA. Global gene expression studies revealed that the alcohol dehydrogenase gene $\textit{adhA}$ as well as the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene $\textit{ald}$ were upregulated in the presence of methanol. Analysis of a mutant lacking the $\textit{adhA}$ gene showed a67% reduced methanol consumption rate (0.27 ± 0.05 mM/h), indicating that AdhA is mainly responsible for the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. The oxidation of formaldehyde to formate was found to be catalyzed predominantly by two enzymes, the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Ald and the mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase AdhE. A double mutant lacking $\textit{ald}$ and $\textit{adhE}$ was severely impaired in its ability to oxidize formaldehyde. The oxidation of formate to CO$_{2}$ is catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (FDH). Deletion of $\textit{fdhF}$ (annotated as FDH) and $\textit{fdhD}$ (annotated as FDH accessory protein) in $\textit{C. glutamicum}$ abolished formate oxidation and resulted in an increased formate sensitivity. Growth studies with molybdenum and tungsten indicated that FdhF is a molybdenum-dependent enzyme. The electron acceptor of FdhF is not NAD(P)$^{+}$ and still unknown. [...

The relationships of the senses of נֶפֶשׁ in the Hebrew Bible: A cognitive linguistic perspective

Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Dept. of Ancient Studies.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to examine the biblical Hebrew term נֶפֶשׁ in terms of a cognitive semantic (CS) working model in order to determine the relationships of its senses. This examination includes how and why the senses of נֶפֶשׁ extend into new senses. Past research has described the senses of נֶפֶשׁ well, to which the study turns to first in chapter two. This section examines lexica, theological dictionaries, and other monographs that discuss the uses of נֶפֶשׁ. The lexica provide a basis for compiling a provisional list of senses. The theological dictionaries expand our understanding by providing more information about potential frames of use for the different senses of נֶפֶשׁ. More recently, the studies of De Blois (2010) and Müller (2018) provide a preview of how CS may open the door to more detailed analysis of נֶפֶשׁ. De Blois’ model suggests that extension types should be based on key attributes of a term. The study examines cognitive linguistic theory in chapter three, and it focuses first on key tenets of CS and past applications of CS to biblical Hebrew. Then, topics within CS are explored with an aim towards building a working model for the analysis of נֶפֶשׁ. Categorization and prototype theory establish how humans conceptualize their world and the terms we use. Prototype theory further explains how categories have “fuzziness” at their borders. The theory of embodiment expresses how physical existence mediates and shapes human cognition, including language. One of the primary insights of embodiment is that humans use the body as a source for numerous semantic extensions, though cultural models play a role as well. Finally, the theory of grammaticalization shows how lexical items may lose semantic content and develop grammatical functions. From these theories, a working semantic model is presented with targets to guide the analysis in chapter four. In the fourth chapter, I conduct an empirical analysis of all 754 instances of נֶפֶשׁ in the Hebrew Bible. The empirical analysis distinguishes senses, extension types and motivations, contextual domains, and the relationships between senses and contextual domains. The following are the key findings of this study: (1) The already known range of senses can be explained through a radial map, but such a map has limitations; (2) The semantic extensions of נֶפֶשׁ follow cross-linguistic attested extension paths, but also exhibit aspects of unique “language-specific” changes; (3) There are some signs of grammaticalization in the uses of נֶפֶשׁ becoming like a pronoun, but the use of נֶפֶשׁ rather than a pronoun may still be explained by a common frame of danger and life-in-need; (4) there is potential for further semasiological studies of body-part terms related to נֶפֶשׁ. These studies could then be used for a more sophisticated onomasiological study. Such a study could reveal where senses between terms overlap and help one to appreciate the unique profile of each term (e.g., a speaker of biblical Hebrew typically desires with their ֶ נפֶשׁ , but not their לֵב)AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die bybelse Hebreeuse term נֶפֶשׁ met behulp van ʼn kognitief-semantiese (KS) werksmodel te ondersoek, ten einde die verwantskappe tussen die verskillende betekenisse te bepaal. Hierdie ondersoek sluit in hoe en waarom die betekenisse van נֶפֶשׁ na nuwe betekenisse uitgebrei word. Die betekenisse van נֶפֶשׁ is deeglik in vorige navorsing beskryf en die studie verwys eerstens hierna in hoofstuk twee. Hierdie afdeling ondersoek leksika, teologiese woordeboeke en ander monografieë wat die gebruike van נֶפֶשׁ bespreek. Die leksika bied ʼn grondslag vir die saamstel van ʼn voorlopige lys van betekenisse. Die teologiese woordeboeke verbreed ons begrip deur meer inligting oor moontlike gebruiksraamwerke vir die verskillende betekenisse van נֶפֶשׁ te verskaf. Meer onlangse studies deur De Blois (2010) en Müller (2018) bied ʼn voorskou van hoe KS die deur na ʼn meer gedetailleerde ontleding van נֶפֶשׁ kan oopmaak. De Blois se model stel voor dat uitbreidingstipes op die hoofkenmerke van ʼn term gebaseer moet word. Kognitiewe linguistiese teorie word in hoofstuk drie ondersoek, en dit fokus eers op die hoofbeginsels van KS en vorige toepassings van KS op bybelse Hebreeus. Dan word onderwerpe binne KS verken met die doel om ʼn werksmodel vir die ontleding van נֶפֶשׁ te formuleer. Kategorisering en prototipeteorie stel vas hoe mense hulle wêreld konseptualiseer en die terme wat ons gebruik. Prototipeteorie verduidelik verder hoe kategorieë “vaagheid” aan die grense daarvan het. Die teorie van beliggaming verwoord hoe menslike kognisie, waaronder taal, deur ons fisiese bestaan bemiddel en gevorm word. Een van die primêre insigte van beliggaming is dat mense die liggaam as ʼn bron vir talle semantiese uitbreidings gebruik, hoewel kulturele modelle ook ʼn rol speel. Laastens toon die teorie van grammatikalisering hoe leksikale items semantiese inhoud kan verloor en grammatiese funksies kan ontwikkel. Uit hierdie teorieë word ʼn semantiese werksmodel aangebied, met teikens wat die ontleding in hoofstuk vier rig. In die vierde hoofstuk doen ek ʼn empiriese ontleding van al 754 gevalle waar נֶפֶשׁ in die Hebreeuse Bybel voorkom. Die empiriese ontleding onderskei betekenisse, uitbreidingstipes en -motiverings, kontekstuele domeine, en die verwantskap tussen betekenisse en kontekstuele domeine. Die hoofbevindings van hierdie studie is die volgende: (1) Die reeds bekende reeks betekenisse kan deur ʼn radiale kaart verduidelik word, maar só ʼn kaart het beperkinge; (2) Die semantiese uitbreidings van נֶפֶשׁ volg uitbreidingsbane wat oor tale heen voorkom; maar toon ook aspekte van unieke “taaleie” veranderings; (3) Daar is enkele tekens van grammatikalisering in die gebruik van נֶפֶשׁ soos ʼn voornaamwoord, maar die gebruik van נֶפֶשׁ eerder as ʼn voornaamwoord kan steeds verduidelik word deur ʼn algemene raamwerk van gevaar en lewe-in-nood; (4) Daar is potensiaal vir verdere semasiologiese studies van terme vir liggaamsdele wat met נֶפֶשׁ verband hou. Hierdie studies kan dan gebruik word vir ʼn meer gesofistikeerde onomasiologiese studie. Sodanige studie kan dalk onthul waar betekenisse tussen terme oorvleuel en ʼn mens help om die unieke profiel van elke term te waardeer (bv. sprekers van bybelse Hebreeus begeer gewoonlik met hulle נֶפֶשׁ, maar nie hulle לֵב nie)Doctora