366 research outputs found
SURVIVE TO THRIVE : How Finnish universities make use of futures knowledge in the 2021-2030 strategy
Futures knowledge refers to the understandings of a coming event generated by the change observation and interpretation of multidisciplinary viewpoints. It is a learning capability and cognition of change that influence future actions. In the era of VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), the futures knowledge can benefit organizations to prepare and strategize their behaviors to cope with uncertain future.
As the higher education institutions are knowledge producers, communicators, and multipliers, the study of futures knowledge at the university level become an interesting subject. This research selects four Finnish universities as case studies to investigate three important questions: 1) to what extent futures knowledge is used in the development of 2021 to 2030 strategies at the university level, 2) how futures knowledge of Finnish universities can impact Finnish higher education at the end of 2020s, and 3) how the university futures knowledge is related to the higher education strategy of Finnish government in 2021 to 2030.
The research finding shows that the futures knowledge of the Finnish universities refers to the speculation and interpretation of general and educational trends. The institutions gather futures knowledge from different sources including the university proximate and extended communities, academic and non-academic research, and the government recommendation papers. While the university communities are the most exhaustive source of futures knowledge, the government roadmap is the most influential source that determines the future action-taking of the Finnish universities. This means the change and impacts that the Finnish academic institutions will bring by 2030 correspond with the Finnish government that aim to internationalize higher education, in-crease the impacts of research, create larger networks and partnership in business sec-tors, and promote digitalization and well-being of the academic community.
To survive, the Finnish universities utilizes the government roadmaps as a frame to shape their futures knowledge and develop a strategy to answer the expectation of the government to access to their financial support. To thrive, the Finnish universities may need to push forward their agenda that reflect the needs and desire of their community, the greatest contributor of the futures knowledge at the university level. This can result in the community empowerment and the better quality of futures knowledge for strategic thinking
Consumer-Preferred Attributes of a Fresh Ground Beef and Turkey Product: A Conjoint Analysis
A random sample of 3,400 Louisiana households was surveyed by mail to determine their ratings for a number of product profiles involving a combined fresh ground beef and turkey product. The attributes and levels of the new product included form (fresh, frozen), identity of the packager (retailer, processor), percentage of beef in product (50,70,90), and price of the combined product as a percentage of ground beef (80,90,100). Based on 2,781 observations, the order of importance of the attributes were, in order of declining importance, content, form, price, and packager. Consumer utility was highly sensitive to the content of beef, with a higher content being preferred.Consumer/Household Economics,
Efficacy of Bisphosphonates for Preventing Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta â Analysis
Objective: To estimate the efficacy of bisphosphonates in preventing osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Published reports were searched through electronic database including MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from inception to November 2015. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining efficacy of bisphosphonates compared with placebo and/or calcium plus vitamin D with outcomes of incidence of bone fracture. Results: Sixteen RCTs with duration of 1 â 3 years met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis showed that alendronate (5 - 10 mg/day) and risedronate (2.5 and 5 mg/day) could prevent vertebral fracture by 45% (RR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.67) and 38% (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.75), respectively. Alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate (5 mg/day) could prevent non-vertebral fractures by 15% (RR = 85; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), 19% (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) and 24% (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88), respectively.There were a limited number of studies on clodronate, etidronate and ibandronate. All bisphosphonates combined could significantly prevent vertebral fracture (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.64) and non-vertebral fracture (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.87). Conclusion: Bisphosphonates were efficacious in preventing bone fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. However, studies on clodronate, etidronate and ibandronate were limited, thus further studies should be conducted. Keywords: efficacy, fracture, osteoporosis, postmenopausal, bisphosphonateāļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļāļāļ§āļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļŠāđ āđāļāđāđāļāđ  MEDLINE āđāļĨāļ° Cochrane Library āļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļāļķāļāđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļĪāļĻāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ 2558 āđāļāļĒāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļāļāļŠāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļ (alendronate, clodronate, etidronate ibandronate, risedronate āđāļĨāļ° zolendronate) āđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļāļāđāļĨāļ°/āļŦāļĢāļ·āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĄāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļĄāļīāļāļāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļ 16 āļāļāļąāļ āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē 1 - 3 āļāļĩ āļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļē alendronate (5 - 10 āļĄāļ.āļāđāļāļ§āļąāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļē risedronate (2.5 āđāļĨāļ° 5 āļĄāļ.āļāđāļāļ§āļąāļ) āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāđāļāđāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 45 (RR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.67) āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 38 (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.75) āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļŠāđāļ§āļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļāļ§āđāļē āļĒāļē alendronate, risedronate āđāļĨāļ° zoledronate (5 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļāđāļāļāļĩ) āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļāđāļāđāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 15 (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 19 (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 24 (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88) āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļē clodronate, etidronate āđāļĨāļ° ibandronate āļĒāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļāđāļāđāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļ (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50,0.64) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļ (RR = 0.81 ; 95% CI: 0.76,0.87) āđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļīāđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄÂ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļĐāđāļāļĩāđāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāđ āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļĄ āļĒāļē clodronate, etidronate āđāļĨāļ° ibandronate  āļĒāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļĄāđāļĄāļēāļāļāļ āļāļķāļāļāļ§āļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄāļāđāļāđāļ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļ, āļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļ, āđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļ, āļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļ, āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļ
Management of isolated synchronous splenic metastasis from obstructing colon cancer: First case report in Thai female.
The authors report a case of a patient with isolated synchronous splenic metastasis from obstructing colon cancer. A 43 year old Thai female presented with abdominal distension and obstipation. CT scan of whole abdomen demonstrated a mass located at the splenic flexure and an isodense mass at the superior pole of the spleen, which was considered to be an isolated splenic metastasis. With the presumptive diagnosis of obstructing colon cancer at splenic flexure with isolated splenic metastasis. The patient underwent total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis concomitant with splenectomy. These procedures are a successful curative option and safe for the management of this condition. Adjuvant chemotherapy following the operation to achieve long term survival and long term follow up with monitoring of serum CEA levels, CT scan of abdomen and colonoscopy are necessary for long-term follow up
Efficacy of Non-Bisphosphonates for Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Objective: To determine efficacy of non-bisphosphonate drugs for preventing osteoporotic vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women by systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Published reports were searched through the electronic databases including MEDLINE and the Cochran Library (CENTRAL) from inception to November 2015. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies on efficacy of non-bisphosphonate drugs including denosumab, raloxifene, strontium ranelate, teriparatide and tibolone compared with placebo and/or calcium plus vitamin D with the outcome of incidence of vertebral fracture were selected. Results of pooled efficacy from meta-analysis were presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confident interval (CI). Results: The search identified 12 articles consistent with inclusion criteria. The studies compared effects of non-bisphosphonates with placebo for 1 - 3 years.It was found that denosumab, strontium ranelate and teriparatide significantly prevented vertebral fracture with RR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26 - 0.41), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.53 - 0.69) and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.14 - 0.49), respectively. Raloxifene was not better than placebo in preventing vertebral fracture (RR =0.76; 95% CI: 0.41 - 1.40). Since only one RCT of tibolone, its pooled result could not be estimated. Conclusion: Non-bisphosphonate drugs including denosumab, strontium ranelate and teriparatide were efficacious in preventing osteoporotic vertebral fracture in post-menopausal women. However, evidences indicating efficacy of raloxifene and tibolone were limited; the use of these drugs should be cautious. Further studies are needed.Keywords: bone fracture, postmenopausal women, osteoporosis, non-bisphosphonate, systematic review, meta-analysisāļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļ āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļ§āļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļīāđāļĨāđāļāļāļĢāļāļāļīāļāļŠāđ āđāļāđāđāļāđ MEDLINE āđāļĨāļ° Cochrane Library āļāļąāđāļāđāļāđāđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨ āļāļāļāļķāļāđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļĪāļĻāļāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ 2558 āļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļīāļāļāļāļĨāļāļāđāļāļāļŠāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāđ denosumab, raloxifene, strontium ranelate, teriparatide āđāļĨāļ° tibolone āļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ/āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĨāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĄāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļ§āļīāļāļēāļĄāļīāļāļāļĩ āđāļāļĒāļ§āļąāļāļāļĨāļĨāļąāļāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļąāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāđāļāļĒāđāļŠāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļēāļāļąāļāļĢāļēāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļŠāļąāļĄāļāļąāļāļāđ (risk ratio) āđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļ§āļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĄāļąāđāļ 95% (95% CI) āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļāđāļ§āđ 12 āđāļĢāļ·āđāļāļ āļāļēāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļāļ āļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĒāļđāđāđāļāļāđāļ§āļ 1 āļāļĩ āļāļķāļ 3 āļāļĩ āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļē denosumab, strontium ranelate āđāļĨāļ° teriparatide āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāļāļĒāđāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļāļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļī Â āļāđāļ§āļĒāļāđāļē RR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26 - 0.41), 0.60 (95%CI: 0.53-0.69) āđāļĨāļ° 0.26 (95%CI: 0.14-0.49) āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļĨāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļĒāļē raloxifene āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄ (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.41 - 1.40) āļŠāđāļ§āļāļĒāļē tibolone āļĄāļĩāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļķāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļāđāļĄāđāđāļāđ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļĒāļēāđāļāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļ āđāļāđāđāļāđ denosumab, strontium ranelate āđāļĨāļ° teriparatide āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŠāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļ āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļĄ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāđāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļĐāđāļāļāļāļĒāļē raloxifene āđāļĨāļ° tibolone āļĒāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāļāļāļāļĒāļēāļŠāļāļāļāļąāļ§āļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļđāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāļāļķāļāļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ°āļĄāļąāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļīāđāļĄ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļŦāļąāļ, āļŦāļāļīāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļ·āļāļ, āđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļāļĢāļļāļ, āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĄāļīāđāļāđāļāļīāļŠāļāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļ, āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļ§āļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ, āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ
čĄĻéĒå―Ēæ ãį°ãŠãTiO2éŧæĨĩãŦåļįããCdSeéåããããŪå åļåãĻå éŧåĪæįđæ§
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted significant interest in sensitized solar cells. The semiconductor QDs exploit as a sensitizer and have several advantages such as quantum confinement, large extinction coefficient, and multiple exciton generation. A successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method is an ion-by-ion growth of thin films and provides high coverage of the electrode. Therefore, the SILAR method is a fascinating process for preparation of CdSe QDs. In addition, an inverse opal TiO2 (IO-TiO2) film have a honeycomb structure with large interconnected pores that lead to a better infiltration of electrolyte in a photoelectrochemical cell. To investigate the effect of the electrode morphology, we have studied the optical absorption properties of CdSe QDs adsorbed on IO-TiO2 and nanoparticulate TiO2 (NPTiO2) electrodes for comparison, including the photovoltaic properties of CdSe QDs sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). CdSe QDs were grown on an IO-TiO2 and NP-TiO2 surface by a SILAR method for different cycles. A sandwich structure solar cell was consisted of Cu2S on brass as a counter electrode and a polysulfide (S/S2-) redox system as the electrolyte. The average diameter of the QDs was estimated by applying an effective mass approximation to the optical absorption spectra. Linear dependence of the size of the QDs with increasing number of cycles was confirmed by a redshift in the optical absorption spectrum. The average diameter of the CdSe QDs on the IO-TiO2 electrodes was similar to that on the NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that growth is independent of morphology. However, there were more CdSe QDs on the NP-TiO2 electrodes than on the IO-TiO2 ones, indicating that there were different amounts of active sites on each type of electrode. In addition, the Urbach parameter (as a guide of disordered states) of the exponential optical absorption tail was also estimated from the optical absorption spectrum. The Urbach parameter of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes was higher than that on NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes are more disordered states than those on NP-TiO2 electrodes. The Urbach parameter decreases in both cases with the increase of SILAR cycles, and it tended to move toward a constant value. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and photovoltaic properties of sandwich structure solar cells were studied under an illumination of air mass (AM) 1.5 using Cu2S on brass as a counter electrode and a polysulfide (S/S2-) redox system. The photosensitization of CdSe QDs on TiO2 electrodes in the visible region could be observed in both electrode morphologies. The IPCE spectra of both IO-TiO2 and NP-TiO2 cells were shifted to low photon energy region because a size of CdSe QDs on TiO2 grows with increasing SILAR cycle. The lower IPCE in IO-TiO2 cell comparison with NP-TiO2 cell could be because of a fewer adsorption of Cd2+ ions, and smaller surface area. The maximum photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 was 1.3% and that of CdSe QDs on NP-TiO2 was 2.7%, prepared with 9 cycles. Lower η of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 than that on NP-TiO2 was possibly because of the lower adsorption of Cd2+ ions, a larger amount of surface states, and lower TiO2 surface area. In this study, the series resistance (Rs) could assume that depends on the charge transfer resistance in TiO2 film adsorbed with CdSe QDs. The estimated Rs of IO-TiO2 cell is larger than NP-TiO2 one. A possible reason for the different Rs, the QDs on IO-TiO2 has fewer amounts than the QDs on NP-TiO2, which result in the QDs on IO-TiO2 has fewer injected electrons than the QDs on NP-TiO2. These results indicate that the CdSe SILAR cycle is the important condition that affects the photovoltaic properties of CdSe QDSSCs.éŧæ°éäŋĄåĪ§åĶ201
TASTE PANEL EVALUATIONS OF THE ACCEPTABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ALTERNATIVE BLENDS OF GROUND MEATS
An untrained consumer panel evaluated the acceptability, willingness to purchase and pricing of several different combinations of fresh ground beef and ground turkey. Important product attributes were flavor and texture, along with previous at home experience with the combined product. Thirty percent turkey appears to be the maximum for acceptability.Consumer/Household Economics,
čĄĻéĒå―Ēæ ãį°ãŠãTiO2éŧæĨĩãŦåļįããCdSeéåããããŪå åļåãĻå éŧåĪæįđæ§
éŧæ°éäŋĄåĪ§åĶ201
Adolescent Healthful Foods Inventory: Development of an Instrument to Assess Adolescents\u27 Willingness to Consume Healthful Foods
Interventions to increase adolescents\u27 healthful food and beverage consumption often fail to demonstrate change. An alternative is to measure a shift in willingness to consume these items as an indicator of movement toward change. A survey was developed to estimate willingness to consume a variety of foods and beverages. Twenty items were identified from five focus group interviews with adolescents. A survey of 234 youths indicated their willingness to consume each item. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in lists of high-fat/sugar-rich items and more healthful foods. Extension educators can use the survey instrument to demonstrate early positive participant change as they strive to deliver programs that meet mission mandates
DNA- and RNA- Derived Fungal Communities in Subsurface Aquifers Only Partly Overlap but React Similarly to Environmental Factors
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have revolutionized
our understanding of microbial diversity and composition in relation to their environment. HTS-based
characterization of metabolically active (RNA-derived) and total (DNA-derived) fungal communities
in different terrestrial habitats has revealed profound differences in both richness and community
compositions. However, such DNA- and RNA-based HTS comparisons are widely missing for
fungal communities of groundwater aquifers in the terrestrial biogeosphere. Therefore, in this
study, we extracted DNA and RNA from groundwater samples of two pristine aquifers in the
Hainich CZE and employed paired-end Illumina sequencing of the fungal nuclear ribosomal internal
transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region to comprehensively test difference/similarities in the âtotalâ and
âactiveâ fungal communities. We found no significant differences in the species richness between
the DNA- and RNA-derived fungal communities, but the relative abundances of various fungal
operational taxonomic units (OTUs) appeared to differ. We also found the same set of environmental
parameters to shape the âtotalâ and âactiveâ fungal communities in the targeted aquifers. Furthermore,
our comparison also underlined that about 30%â40% of the fungal OTUs were only detected in
RNA-derived communities. This implies that the active fungal communities analyzed by HTS
methods in the subsurface aquifers are actually not a subset of supposedly total fungal communities.
In general, our study highlights the importance of differentiating the potential (DNA-derived) and
expressed (RNA-derived) members of the fungal communities in aquatic ecosystems
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