366 research outputs found

    SURVIVE TO THRIVE : How Finnish universities make use of futures knowledge in the 2021-2030 strategy

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    Futures knowledge refers to the understandings of a coming event generated by the change observation and interpretation of multidisciplinary viewpoints. It is a learning capability and cognition of change that influence future actions. In the era of VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity), the futures knowledge can benefit organizations to prepare and strategize their behaviors to cope with uncertain future. As the higher education institutions are knowledge producers, communicators, and multipliers, the study of futures knowledge at the university level become an interesting subject. This research selects four Finnish universities as case studies to investigate three important questions: 1) to what extent futures knowledge is used in the development of 2021 to 2030 strategies at the university level, 2) how futures knowledge of Finnish universities can impact Finnish higher education at the end of 2020s, and 3) how the university futures knowledge is related to the higher education strategy of Finnish government in 2021 to 2030. The research finding shows that the futures knowledge of the Finnish universities refers to the speculation and interpretation of general and educational trends. The institutions gather futures knowledge from different sources including the university proximate and extended communities, academic and non-academic research, and the government recommendation papers. While the university communities are the most exhaustive source of futures knowledge, the government roadmap is the most influential source that determines the future action-taking of the Finnish universities. This means the change and impacts that the Finnish academic institutions will bring by 2030 correspond with the Finnish government that aim to internationalize higher education, in-crease the impacts of research, create larger networks and partnership in business sec-tors, and promote digitalization and well-being of the academic community. To survive, the Finnish universities utilizes the government roadmaps as a frame to shape their futures knowledge and develop a strategy to answer the expectation of the government to access to their financial support. To thrive, the Finnish universities may need to push forward their agenda that reflect the needs and desire of their community, the greatest contributor of the futures knowledge at the university level. This can result in the community empowerment and the better quality of futures knowledge for strategic thinking

    Consumer-Preferred Attributes of a Fresh Ground Beef and Turkey Product: A Conjoint Analysis

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    A random sample of 3,400 Louisiana households was surveyed by mail to determine their ratings for a number of product profiles involving a combined fresh ground beef and turkey product. The attributes and levels of the new product included form (fresh, frozen), identity of the packager (retailer, processor), percentage of beef in product (50,70,90), and price of the combined product as a percentage of ground beef (80,90,100). Based on 2,781 observations, the order of importance of the attributes were, in order of declining importance, content, form, price, and packager. Consumer utility was highly sensitive to the content of beef, with a higher content being preferred.Consumer/Household Economics,

    Efficacy of Bisphosphonates for Preventing Osteoporotic Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta – Analysis

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    Objective: To estimate the efficacy of bisphosphonates in preventing osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Published reports were searched through electronic database including MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library from inception to November 2015. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining efficacy of bisphosphonates compared with placebo and/or calcium plus vitamin D with outcomes of incidence of bone fracture. Results: Sixteen RCTs with duration of 1 – 3 years met the eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis showed that alendronate (5 - 10 mg/day) and risedronate (2.5 and 5 mg/day) could prevent vertebral fracture by 45% (RR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.67) and 38% (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.75), respectively. Alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate (5 mg/day) could prevent non-vertebral fractures by 15% (RR = 85; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), 19% (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) and 24% (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88), respectively.There were a limited number of studies on clodronate, etidronate and ibandronate. All bisphosphonates combined could significantly prevent vertebral fracture (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.64) and non-vertebral fracture (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.87). Conclusion: Bisphosphonates were efficacious in preventing bone fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. However, studies on clodronate, etidronate and ibandronate were limited, thus further studies should be conducted. Keywords: efficacy, fracture, osteoporosis, postmenopausal, bisphosphonateāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ—āļĢāļ­āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ  MEDLINE āđāļĨāļ° Cochrane Library āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™ 2558 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ• (alendronate, clodronate, etidronate ibandronate, risedronate āđāļĨāļ° zolendronate) āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļ­āļāđāļĨāļ°/āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ”āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ 16 āļ‰āļšāļąāļšÂ  āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 1 - 3 āļ›āļĩ āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļē alendronate (5 - 10 āļĄāļ.āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļē risedronate (2.5 āđāļĨāļ° 5 āļĄāļ.āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 45 (RR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.67) āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 38 (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.75) āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĒāļē alendronate, risedronate āđāļĨāļ° zoledronate (5 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĩ) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 15 (RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 19 (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 24 (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88) āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļē clodronate, etidronate āđāļĨāļ° ibandronate āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāļāļąāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.50,0.64) āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ (RR = 0.81 ; 95% CI: 0.76,0.87) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄÂ  āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļĒāļē clodronate, etidronate āđāļĨāļ° ibandronate  āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļžāļ­ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž, āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļ, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™, āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™, āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™

    Management of isolated synchronous splenic metastasis from obstructing colon cancer: First case report in Thai female.

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    The authors report a case of a patient with isolated synchronous splenic metastasis from obstructing colon cancer. A 43 year old Thai female presented with abdominal distension and obstipation. CT scan of whole abdomen demonstrated a mass located at the splenic flexure and an isodense mass at the superior pole of the spleen, which was considered to be an isolated splenic metastasis. With the presumptive diagnosis of obstructing colon cancer at splenic flexure with isolated splenic metastasis. The patient underwent total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis concomitant with splenectomy. These procedures are a successful curative option and safe for the management of this condition. Adjuvant chemotherapy following the operation to achieve long term survival and long term follow up with monitoring of serum CEA levels, CT scan of abdomen and colonoscopy are necessary for long-term follow up

    Efficacy of Non-Bisphosphonates for Prevention of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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    Objective: To determine efficacy of non-bisphosphonate drugs for preventing osteoporotic vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women by systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Published reports were searched through the electronic databases including MEDLINE and the Cochran Library (CENTRAL) from inception to November 2015. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies on efficacy of non-bisphosphonate drugs including denosumab, raloxifene, strontium ranelate, teriparatide and tibolone compared with placebo and/or calcium plus vitamin D with the outcome of incidence of vertebral fracture were selected. Results of pooled efficacy from meta-analysis were presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confident interval (CI). Results: The search identified 12 articles consistent with inclusion criteria. The studies compared effects of non-bisphosphonates with placebo for 1 - 3 years.It was found that denosumab, strontium ranelate and teriparatide significantly prevented vertebral fracture with RR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26 - 0.41), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.53 - 0.69) and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.14 - 0.49), respectively. Raloxifene was not better than placebo in preventing vertebral fracture (RR =0.76; 95% CI: 0.41 - 1.40). Since only one RCT of tibolone, its pooled result could not be estimated. Conclusion: Non-bisphosphonate drugs including denosumab, strontium ranelate and teriparatide were efficacious in preventing osteoporotic vertebral fracture in post-menopausal women. However, evidences indicating efficacy of raloxifene and tibolone were limited; the use of these drugs should be cautious. Further studies are needed.Keywords: bone fracture, postmenopausal women, osteoporosis, non-bisphosphonate, systematic review, meta-analysisāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ• āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ—āļĢāļ­āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ MEDLINE āđāļĨāļ° Cochrane Library āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™ 2558 āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ denosumab, raloxifene, strontium ranelate, teriparatide āđāļĨāļ° tibolone āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļ­āļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­/āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ§āļąāļ”āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ—āļ˜āđŒ (risk ratio) āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™ 95% (95% CI) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰ 12 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨāļ­āļ āļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 1 āļ›āļĩ āļ–āļķāļ‡ 3 āļ›āļĩ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļē denosumab, strontium ranelate āđāļĨāļ° teriparatide āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī  āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļē RR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.26 - 0.41), 0.60 (95%CI: 0.53-0.69) āđāļĨāļ° 0.26 (95%CI: 0.14-0.49) āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĒāļē raloxifene āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.41 - 1.40) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĒāļē tibolone āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļķāļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ• āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ denosumab, strontium ranelate āđāļĨāļ° teriparatide āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŠāļąāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŦāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē raloxifene āđāļĨāļ° tibolone āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļāļąāļ” āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļēāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ°āļĄāļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļąāļ, āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™, āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™, āļĒāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļīāđƒāļŠāđˆāļšāļīāļŠāļŸāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļŸāđ€āļ™āļ•, āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ, āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ­āļ āļīāļĄāļēāļ™

    čĄĻéĒå―Ē態がį•°ãŠã‚‹TiO2é›ŧæĨĩãŦåļį€ã—たCdSe量子ドットãŪ光åļ収ãĻ光é›ŧåĪ‰æ›į‰đ性

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    Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted significant interest in sensitized solar cells. The semiconductor QDs exploit as a sensitizer and have several advantages such as quantum confinement, large extinction coefficient, and multiple exciton generation. A successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method is an ion-by-ion growth of thin films and provides high coverage of the electrode. Therefore, the SILAR method is a fascinating process for preparation of CdSe QDs. In addition, an inverse opal TiO2 (IO-TiO2) film have a honeycomb structure with large interconnected pores that lead to a better infiltration of electrolyte in a photoelectrochemical cell. To investigate the effect of the electrode morphology, we have studied the optical absorption properties of CdSe QDs adsorbed on IO-TiO2 and nanoparticulate TiO2 (NPTiO2) electrodes for comparison, including the photovoltaic properties of CdSe QDs sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). CdSe QDs were grown on an IO-TiO2 and NP-TiO2 surface by a SILAR method for different cycles. A sandwich structure solar cell was consisted of Cu2S on brass as a counter electrode and a polysulfide (S/S2-) redox system as the electrolyte. The average diameter of the QDs was estimated by applying an effective mass approximation to the optical absorption spectra. Linear dependence of the size of the QDs with increasing number of cycles was confirmed by a redshift in the optical absorption spectrum. The average diameter of the CdSe QDs on the IO-TiO2 electrodes was similar to that on the NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that growth is independent of morphology. However, there were more CdSe QDs on the NP-TiO2 electrodes than on the IO-TiO2 ones, indicating that there were different amounts of active sites on each type of electrode. In addition, the Urbach parameter (as a guide of disordered states) of the exponential optical absorption tail was also estimated from the optical absorption spectrum. The Urbach parameter of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes was higher than that on NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes are more disordered states than those on NP-TiO2 electrodes. The Urbach parameter decreases in both cases with the increase of SILAR cycles, and it tended to move toward a constant value. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and photovoltaic properties of sandwich structure solar cells were studied under an illumination of air mass (AM) 1.5 using Cu2S on brass as a counter electrode and a polysulfide (S/S2-) redox system. The photosensitization of CdSe QDs on TiO2 electrodes in the visible region could be observed in both electrode morphologies. The IPCE spectra of both IO-TiO2 and NP-TiO2 cells were shifted to low photon energy region because a size of CdSe QDs on TiO2 grows with increasing SILAR cycle. The lower IPCE in IO-TiO2 cell comparison with NP-TiO2 cell could be because of a fewer adsorption of Cd2+ ions, and smaller surface area. The maximum photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 was 1.3% and that of CdSe QDs on NP-TiO2 was 2.7%, prepared with 9 cycles. Lower η of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 than that on NP-TiO2 was possibly because of the lower adsorption of Cd2+ ions, a larger amount of surface states, and lower TiO2 surface area. In this study, the series resistance (Rs) could assume that depends on the charge transfer resistance in TiO2 film adsorbed with CdSe QDs. The estimated Rs of IO-TiO2 cell is larger than NP-TiO2 one. A possible reason for the different Rs, the QDs on IO-TiO2 has fewer amounts than the QDs on NP-TiO2, which result in the QDs on IO-TiO2 has fewer injected electrons than the QDs on NP-TiO2. These results indicate that the CdSe SILAR cycle is the important condition that affects the photovoltaic properties of CdSe QDSSCs.é›ŧ気通äŋĄåĪ§å­Ķ201

    TASTE PANEL EVALUATIONS OF THE ACCEPTABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR ALTERNATIVE BLENDS OF GROUND MEATS

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    An untrained consumer panel evaluated the acceptability, willingness to purchase and pricing of several different combinations of fresh ground beef and ground turkey. Important product attributes were flavor and texture, along with previous at home experience with the combined product. Thirty percent turkey appears to be the maximum for acceptability.Consumer/Household Economics,

    Adolescent Healthful Foods Inventory: Development of an Instrument to Assess Adolescents\u27 Willingness to Consume Healthful Foods

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    Interventions to increase adolescents\u27 healthful food and beverage consumption often fail to demonstrate change. An alternative is to measure a shift in willingness to consume these items as an indicator of movement toward change. A survey was developed to estimate willingness to consume a variety of foods and beverages. Twenty items were identified from five focus group interviews with adolescents. A survey of 234 youths indicated their willingness to consume each item. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in lists of high-fat/sugar-rich items and more healthful foods. Extension educators can use the survey instrument to demonstrate early positive participant change as they strive to deliver programs that meet mission mandates

    DNA- and RNA- Derived Fungal Communities in Subsurface Aquifers Only Partly Overlap but React Similarly to Environmental Factors

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    Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity and composition in relation to their environment. HTS-based characterization of metabolically active (RNA-derived) and total (DNA-derived) fungal communities in different terrestrial habitats has revealed profound differences in both richness and community compositions. However, such DNA- and RNA-based HTS comparisons are widely missing for fungal communities of groundwater aquifers in the terrestrial biogeosphere. Therefore, in this study, we extracted DNA and RNA from groundwater samples of two pristine aquifers in the Hainich CZE and employed paired-end Illumina sequencing of the fungal nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region to comprehensively test difference/similarities in the “total” and “active” fungal communities. We found no significant differences in the species richness between the DNA- and RNA-derived fungal communities, but the relative abundances of various fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) appeared to differ. We also found the same set of environmental parameters to shape the “total” and “active” fungal communities in the targeted aquifers. Furthermore, our comparison also underlined that about 30%–40% of the fungal OTUs were only detected in RNA-derived communities. This implies that the active fungal communities analyzed by HTS methods in the subsurface aquifers are actually not a subset of supposedly total fungal communities. In general, our study highlights the importance of differentiating the potential (DNA-derived) and expressed (RNA-derived) members of the fungal communities in aquatic ecosystems
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