Mascons as structural relief on a lunar Moho

Mascons as structural relief on lunar Moh

The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis

Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions

Building zeolites from precrystallized units: nanoscale architecture

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 15330 15353, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711422. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Since the early reports by Barrer in the 1940s on converting natural minerals into synthetic zeolites, the use of precrystallized zeolites as crucial inorganic directing agents to synthesize other crystalline zeolites with improved physicochemical properties has become a very important research field, allowing the design, particularly in recent years, of new industrial catalysts. This Review highlights how the presence of some crystalline fragments in the synthesis media, such as small secondary building units (SBUs) or layered substructures, not only favors the crystallization of other zeolites with similar SBUs or layers, but also permits control over important parameters affecting their catalytic activity (chemical composition, crystal size, or porosity, etc.). Recent advances in the preparation of 3D and 2D zeolites through seeding and zeolite-to-zeolite transformation processes will be discussed extensively in this Review, including their preparation in the presence or absence of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs). The aim is to introduce general guidelines for more efficient approaches for target zeolites.This work has been supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO through "Severo Ochoa" (SEV-2016-0683) and MAT2015-71261-R), by the European Union through ERC-AdG-2014-671093 (SynCatMatch), and by the Fundacion Ramon Areces (through the "Life and Materials Science" program).Li, C.; Moliner Marin, M.; Corma Canós, A. (2018). Building zeolites from precrystallized units: nanoscale architecture. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 57(47):15330-15353. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201711422S15330153535747Cundy, C. S., & Cox, P. A. (2005). The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites: Precursors, intermediates and reaction mechanism. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 82(1-2), 1-78. doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.02.016Martínez, C., & Corma, A. (2011). Inorganic molecular sieves: Preparation, modification and industrial application in catalytic processes. 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Factors affecting the formation of zeolites X and B. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 72(4), 1385-1386. doi:10.1021/j100850a056Xie, B., Song, J., Ren, L., Ji, Y., Li, J., & Xiao, F.-S. (2008). Organotemplate-Free and Fast Route for Synthesizing Beta Zeolite. Chemistry of Materials, 20(14), 4533-4535. doi:10.1021/cm801167eMajano, G., Delmotte, L., Valtchev, V., & Mintova, S. (2009). Al-Rich Zeolite Beta by Seeding in the Absence of Organic Template. Chemistry of Materials, 21(18), 4184-4191. doi:10.1021/cm900462uKamimura, Y., Chaikittisilp, W., Itabashi, K., Shimojima, A., & Okubo, T. (2010). Critical Factors in the Seed-Assisted Synthesis of Zeolite Beta and «Green Beta» from OSDA-Free Na+-Aluminosilicate Gels. Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 5(10), 2182-2191. doi:10.1002/asia.201000234Xie, B., Zhang, H., Yang, C., Liu, S., Ren, L., Zhang, L., … Xiao, F.-S. (2011). Seed-directed synthesis of zeolites with enhanced performance in the absence of organic templates. 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Chiral effective action with heavy quark symmetry

We derive an effective action combining chiral and heavy quark symmetry, using approximate bosonization techniques of QCD. We explicitly show that the heavy-quark limit is compatible with the large $N_c$ (number of color) limit in the meson sector, and derive specific couplings between the light and heavy mesons ($D$, $D^*$, ...) and their chiral partners. The relevance of this effective action to solitons with heavy quarks describing heavy baryons is discussed.Comment: 14 pages, SUNY-NTG-92/2

One Spin Trace Formalism for BK B_K

It has been known for some time that there are two methods to calculate $B_K$ with staggered fermions: one is the two spin trace formalism and the other is the one spin trace formalism. Until now, the two spin trace formalism has been exclusively used for weak matrix element calculations with staggered fermions. Here, the one spin trace formalism to calculate $B_K$ with staggered fermions is explained. It is shown that the one spin trace operators require additional chiral partner operators in order to keep the continuum chiral behavior. The renormalization of the one spin trace operators is described and compared with the two spin trace formalism.Comment: 47 pages, latex, 4 figures are available on reques

Strong Decays of Strange Charmed P-Wave Mesons

Goldstone boson decays of P-wave $D_s^{**}$ mesons are studied within the framework of Heavy Hadron Chiral Perturbation Theory. We first analyze the simplest single kaon decays of these strange charmed mesons. We derive a model independent prediction for the width of $D_{s2}$ and use experimental information on $D_{s1}$ to constrain the S-wave contribution to $D_1^0$ decay. Single and double pion decay modes are then discussed and shown to be significantly restricted by isospin conservation. We conclude that the pion channels may offer the best hope for detecting one strange member of an otherwise invisible P-wave flavor multiplet.Comment: 16 pages, 2 updated figures not included but available upon request, CALT-68-1902. (Revised estimates for error on $D_{s2}$ width and for isospin violating neutral pion decay of $D'_{s1}$.

Structural and dielectric properties of Sr2_{2}TiO4_{4} from first principles

We have investigated the structural and dielectric properties of Sr$_{2}$TiO$_{4}$,the first member of the Sr$_{n+1}$Ti$_{n}$O$_{3n+1}$ Ruddlesden-Popper series, within density functional theory. Motivated by recent work in which thin films of Sr$_{2}$TiO$_{4}$ were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on SrTiO$_{3}$ substrates, the in-plane lattice parameter was fixed to the theoretically optimized lattice constant of cubic SrTiO$_{3}$ (n=$\infty$), while the out-of-plane lattice parameter and the internal structural parameters were relaxed. The fully relaxed structure was also investigated. Density functional perturbation theory was used to calculate the zone-center phonon frequencies, Born effective charges, and the electronic dielectric permittivity tensor. A detailed study of the contribution of individual infrared-active modes to the static dielectric permittivity tensor was performed. The calculated Raman and infrared phonon frequencies were found to be in agreement with experiment where available. Comparisons of the calculated static dielectric permittivity with experiments on both ceramic powders and epitaxial thin films are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, 8 tables, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Moving from a Product-Based Economy to a Service-Based Economy for a More Sustainable Future

Traditionally, economic growth and prosperity have been linked with the availability, production and distribution of tangible goods as well as the ability of consumers to acquire such goods. Early evidence regarding this connection dates back to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776), in which any activity not resulting in the production of a tangible good is characterized as unproductive of any value." Since then, this coupling of economic value and material production has been prevalent in both developed and developing economies throughout the world. One unintended consequence of this coupling has been the exponential increase in the amount of solid waste being generated. The reason is that any production and consumption of material goods eventually generates the equivalent amount of (or even more) waste. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that, with today's manufacturing and supply chain management technologies, it has become cheaper to dispose and replace most products rather than to repair and reuse them. This has given rise to what some call a disposable society." To put things in perspective: In 2012 households in the U.K. generated approximately 22 thousand tons of waste, which amounted to 411 kg of waste generated per person (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2015). During the same time period, households in the U.S. generated 251 million tons of waste, which is equivalent to a person generating approximately 2 kg of waste every day (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Out of these 251 million tons of total waste generated, approximately 20% of the discarded items were categorized as durable goods. The disposal of durable goods is particularly worrisome because they are typically produced using material from non- renewable resources such as iron, minerals, and petroleum-based raw materials

Transfer College Quality and Student Performance

With escalating tuitions, the return to college quality remains an important consideration for students deciding whether to spend more money for a higher quality college education. This paper examines how students that transfer credit for an introductory-level course perform in a subsequent intermediate-level course. Using rich administrative data we estimate how college quality affects student performance, holding constant many observable student characteristics. Students taking introductory courses at higher quality institutions earn higher grades in their intermediate courses than students attending lower quality institutions. This difference is small, but statistically significant. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that, for the average student, the benefit from attending a higher quality institution is more than worth the higher tuition.cheri_wp98.pdf: 334 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Nonresonant Contributions in B->rho pi Decay

We consider nonresonant contributions in the Dalitz plot analysis of B->rho pi->pi^+ pi^- pi^0 decay and their potential impact on the extraction of the CKM parameter alpha. In particular, we examine the role of the heavy mesons B^* and B_0, via the process B->pi (B^*, B_0)->pi^+ pi^- pi^0, and their interference with resonant contributions in the rho-mass region. We discuss the inherent uncertainties and suggest that the effects may be substantially smaller than previously indicated.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures; minor changes, version to appear in Phys. Rev.