Eletrophoretic profile of serum proteins of goat kids fed with bovine colostrum in natura and lyophilized

AbstractBovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immunity for goat kids. Twenty-five female newborn goat kids were randomly allotted into five treatments: goat colostrum A (GCA) or bovine colostrum A (BCA) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) with 45–55mg/mL of IgG, goat colostrum B (GCB) or bovine colostrum B (BCB) with 15–25mg/mL. The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12 and 24h after birth, and then, cow milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of age. Blood samples were collected at 0 to 60 days of age to determine total serum protein (TP) and serum protein fractions by electrophoresis. In the last experimental days, 50 and 60, the TP concentration for all groups were higher than at 0h (P<0.05) and differences in values after colostrum ingestion were not observed (P<0.05). The LBC group (2.39±0.09g/dL) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin concentration than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB, 3.20±0.09, 2.93±0.09, 3.25±0.09 and 3.07±0.10g/dL, respectively (P<0.05), and from birth to five days of life, albumin values were lower (P<0.05) than at 40 to 60 days of life. At birth, the globulin concentration, 1.87±0.05g/dL, was lower (P<0.05) than at 10 to 60 days of life (P<0.05). The LBC group (1.25±0.04) showed lower (P<0.05) albumin/globulin ratio than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB (1.36±0.04, 1.38±0.04, 1.48±0.04 and 1.44±0.05, respectively) and, at birth (1.52±0.05), the ratio was higher (P<0.05) than 0.5 and 1 day of life. The LBC group (0.67±0.04g/dL) showed higher (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration than GCB and BCB (0.48±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively), and did not differ (P>0.05) from GCA and BCA (0.62±0.04 and 0.50±0.04g/dL, respectively). The lowest (P<0.05) gamma globulin concentration was observed at birth, 0.24±0.04g/dL. The results indicate that bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of initial protection for newborn goat kids

Enteric, liver and muscle tissues development of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887) and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis, Cuvier 1816) juveniles fed diet containing lyophilized bovine colostrum

O fornecimento de colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL), fonte alternativa de proteína, foi avaliado como um ingrediente inovador na nutrição de peixes. A influência desta secreção láctea foi estudada sobre o desenvolvimento dos tecidos entérico, hepático e muscular de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) juvenis, utilizando-se análises da concentração sérica de IGF-I, o estudo da estrutura morfológica e atividade enzimática no intestino e, os indicadores de atividade celular nos tecidos entérico, hepático e muscular. Os pacus (8,5 ± 0,7g; 7,7 ± 0,3cm) e dourados (13,3 ± 0,9g; 10,8 ± 0,3cm), foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x2, constituindo-se de três dietas com inclusão de CBL (0%, 10% e 20%) e dois períodos experimentais (30 e 60 dias). Para os indicadores de desempenho no pacu, houve interação para ganho de peso (GP) e conversão alimentar aparente (CAA) (P<0,05). Os valores de GP, para 10 e 20% de CBL, não diferiram do 0% de CBL, indicando que as dietas foram adequadas e atenderam as necessidades nutricionais dos juvenis. Maior índice de conversão alimentar foi encontrado com 10% de CBL, aos 60 dias. A concentração de IGF-I não diferiu entre as dietas nas duas espécies, contudo, foi maior no dourado aos 60 dias (P<0,05). A morfologia do epitélio intestinal de pacu e dourado juvenis não foi alterada pelo fornecimento de CBL, entretanto, observaram-se diferenças entre os segmentos intestinais. A atividade da enzima aminopeptidase N foi maior nos pacus alimentados com 10% e 20% de CBL (P<0,05); a atividade das peptidases e dissacaridases foi menor aos 60 dias; exceto para aminopeptidase A, que apresentou elevada atividade neste mesmo período. No dourado, apenas houve diferença para aminopeptidase A, que foi menor aos 60 dias (P<0,05). Com relação aos indicadores de atividade celular, no intestino de pacu, a relação proteína total (PT)/RNA foi menor aos 30 dias. No fígado de dourado houve interação entre dieta e período para DNA, sendo maior nos peixes alimentados com 20% de CBL, aos 60 dias. No músculo de pacu PT/RNA foi maior com 10% de CBL; RNA, PT/DNA e RNA/DNA menor aos 60 dias, enquanto DNA e PT/RNA, maior neste mesmo período. No músculo do dourado, RNA e RNA/DNA, foram menores aos 60 dias e, PT/RNA, maior neste mesmo período (P<0,05). Considerando os aspectos estudados para avaliar as consequências do fornecimento de colostro bovino para pacu e dourado juvenis, observou-se que foram mantidas inalteradas a plasticidade e atividade das enzimas no epitélio intestinal e a atividade celular nos tecidos entérico, hepático e muscular. Esta condição sugere a possibilidade de uso desta secreção láctea na nutrição dos peixes estudados.The supply of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC), alternative protein source, has been evaluated as an innovative ingredient in fish nutrition. The milk secretion influence was studied on enteric, liver and muscle tissues development of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), using analysis of serum IGF-I concentration, morphological structure study and enzyme activity in intestine, as well as the responses of cellular indicators in enteric, liver and muscle tissues. Juveniles of pacu (8.5 ± 0.7g; 7.7 ± 0.3cm) and dourado (13.3 ± 0.9g; 10.8 ± 0.3cm) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme 3x2, constituting of three diets with LBC inclusion (0, 10 or 20%) and two experimental periods (30 or 60 days). The performance indicators in pacu, interaction between diet and period was observed to weight gain (WG) and feed conversion rate (FCR) (P<0.05). GP values in 10 and 20% LBC did not differ from the values of 0% LBC, indicating that the diets were adequate and met the nutritional needs of the juveniles. Higher FCR was found with 10% LBC at 60 days. IGF-I concentration did not differ between diets in both species, but was higher in dourado at 60 days (P<0.05). The pacu and dourado intestinal epithelium histomorphometry, was not altered by the LBC supply, however, there were differences between intestinal segments. The enzyme activity of aminopeptidase N was higher in pacu fed 10% and 20% of LBC (P<0.05); the activity of peptidases and disaccharidases was lower at 60 days; except for aminopeptidase A which showed high activity in this period. In the dourado, was difference only to aminopeptidase A, which was lower at 60 days (P<0.05). Regarding the indicators of cellular activity, in intestine of pacu, total protein (TP)/RNA ratio was lower at 30 days. In liver of dourado, there was interaction between diet and period for DNA, being higher in fish fed 20% LBC, at 60 days. In muscle of pacu, TP/RNA was higher with 10% LBC; RNA, TP/DNA and RNA/DNA ratio lower at 60 d, while TP and DNA/RNA ratio increased during the same period. In muscle of dourado, RNA and RNA/DNA were lower at 60 days and, TP/RNA higher in the same period (P<0.05). Considering the aspects studied to evaluate the effects of bovine colostrum for juvenile pacu and dourado, it was observed that were kept unchanged the plasticity and enzymes activity in intestinal epithelium and cellular activity in enteric, liver and muscle tissues. This condition suggests the possibility of using this milk secretion in nutrition of fish studied

Effects of feeding lyophilized bovine colostrum and caprine colostrum on the intestinal epithelium of newborn goat kids

Foi avaliado o fornecimento do colostro bovino liofilizado como alternativa de fonte inicial de imunoglobulinas para caprinos recém-nascidos bem como as características histológicas, considerando avaliações histomorfométricas, estereológicas, imunohistoquímicas e o número de células caliciformes no epitélio intestinal destes animais. Foram utilizados dois grupos de 15 cabritos, que receberam 5% do peso vivo de colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL) ou colostro caprino (CC), com 55 mg/mL de imunoglobulina G, às 0, 7 e 14 horas de vida. Amostras do duodeno, jejuno médio e íleo foram coletadas às 18, 36 e 96 horas de vida para análises histológica e imunohistoquímica. Três animais foram sacrificados logo após o nascimento, constituindo o grupo zero hora. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo as variáveis morfométricas consideradas em arranjo fatorial 2x3+1, tendo como efeitos principais os dois tipos de colostro, os três horários de abate e o grupo zero hora. A concentração de IGF-I no colostro bovino liofilizado e colostro caprino foi de 158,71 e 356,32 ng/mL, respectivamente. A altura das vilosidades no jejuno mostrou-se superior (P<0,05), apresentando vilosidades 30,7% e 24,2% mais altas do que o duodeno e o íleo às 36h, respectivamente. O duodeno, às 18h, apresentou profundidade das criptas 48,4% maior que o jejuno e, às 96h as criptas duodenais mostraram-se 23,2% maiores que as criptas do íleo (P<0,05). No jejuno, as criptas apresentaram-se mais profundas às 96h (P<0,05) do que nos outros horários. A espessura da túnica muscular no jejuno apresentou-se mais espessa às 36 e 96h do que à zero h e mais espessa às 36h do que às 18h (P<0,05). No geral, jejuno e íleo, apresentaram túnica muscular menos espessa (P<0,05) que a encontrada no duodeno. Independente dos segmentos, às 96h a túnica muscular foi mais espessa que às 18h. O Vv da mucosa absortiva foi maior no jejuno, enquanto no íleo às 36h o Vv foi maior do que nos demais horários experimentais. Independente do segmento, às 36h o Vv foi 17,3% maior que às 96h. O número de células caliciformes no jejuno foi 78,6% menor às 18h (P<0,05) nos cabritos que ingeriram colostro caprino e 54,6% maior às 96h (P<0,05) nos animais que ingeriram colostro bovino liofilizado. Colostro bovino liofilizado pode ser utilizado como fonte de proteção passiva alternativa para os caprinos recémnascidos. O IGF-I presente no colostro não influenciou a morfometria entérica. O jejuno mostrou-se o segmento mais importante no processo absortivo de imunoglobulinas. A distribuição dos anticorpos internalizados pelo epitélio entérico mostrou-se relacionada aos segmentos do intestino e tempo de vida dos recém-nascidos, independente da fonte de anticorpos, bovina liofilizada ou caprina.It was evaluated the supply of the lyophilized bovine colostrum as an alternative source of immunoglobulin for newborn goat kids and the histological characteristics, through histomorphometric, stereological, immunohistochemical evaluations and goblet cells number in the intestinal epithelium in this animals. Two groups of fifteen newborn goat kids received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) or caprine colostrum (CC) with 55 mg/mL of immunoglobulin G at 0, 7 and 14 hr of life. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96 hr of life for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Three animals were sampled just after birth representing the zero hr group. A completely randomized designing was used, and the variable morphometric was considered as 2x3+1 factorial arrangement, having as the main factors colostrum supply, the three slaughter hours and the zero hr group. The IGF-I concentration in lyophilized bovine colostrum or caprine colostrum was 158,71 and 356,32 ng/mL, respectively. Villous height was superior in the jejunum (P<0.05) with villous 30.7% and 24.2% higher than duodenum and ileum at 36hr, respectively. The duodenum showed at 18hr crypts 48.4% deeper than in the jejunum and at 96hr, the duodenal crypts was 23.2% deeper than ileum crypts (P<0.05). In the jejunum, crypts were deeper at 96hr compared to the other experimental hours. The muscularis submucosal thickness in the jejunum was thicker at 36 and 96hr than zero hr and was thicker at 36hr than 18hr. Jejunum and ileum, in general thinner (P<0.05) tunica muscular layer than found in the duodenum. Regardless of the segments, at 96hr, the muscularis submucosal was thicker than 18hr. The absorptive mucosa partial volume (Vv) was higher in the jejunum, while in the ileum the Vv was higher at 36hr than all other experimental dates. Regardless of the segments, at 36hr, the Vv was 17.3% higher than at 96hr. The goblet cells number was different in jejunum with 78.6% less cells at 18hr (P<0.05) in the goat kids fed caprine colostrum and 54.6% higher at 96hr (P<0.05) in the goat kids fed lyophilized colostrum. Lyophilized bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of passive protection for the newborn kids. The IGF-I present in colostrum didnt influence the enteric morphology. The jejunal epithelium was the most important segment related to absorption process. The internalized antibody distribution in the enteric epithelium showed related to the small intestine segments and post-partum period, regardless of the antibodies source, lyophilized bovine or caprine

Enzyme activity in the small intestine of goat kids during the period of passive immunity acquisition

Enzyme activity of protein and carbohydrate degradation in small intestinal mucosa was investigated in goat kids fed with lyophilized bovine and goat colostrum. At 0,7 and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 goat colostrum, both with 55 mg/mL of IgG. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were collected at 18,36 and 96 h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth, without colostrum intake. Activity of aminopeptidase N and A, dipeptidil peptidase IV, lactase, maltase and sucrase was determined as one international unit per gram of tissue. Intracellular enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase was observed by histochemistry in tissue section. Only the activity of aminopeptidase A in the ileum was affected by treatment, with a greater value for LBC than for GC (P &lt; 0.05). The aminopeptidase N activity was the highest at 36 h in the duodenum (P &lt; 0.05) and lowest at 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Dipeptidil peptidase IV activity was highest at 36 h in the duodenum (P &lt; 0.05), lowest at 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05) and higher at 36 h than at 96 h in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05). Aminopeptidase A activity in the ileum was highest at 36 h (P &lt; 0.05), followed by 18 and 96 h of life (P &lt; 0.05). Lactase activity in the duodenum increased from 18 to 36 h and from 36 to 96 h in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Maltase activity increased only in the duodenum from 18 to 96 h (P &lt; 0.05). Sucrase activity in the jejunum decreased from 18 to 36 h and from 36 to 96 h in the ileum (P &lt; 0.05). At birth, activity of most enzymes was similar to that at later times (P &lt; 0.05). Histochemistry analyses showed a higher frequency of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity in the duodenum, especially at 36 h of life. In the jejunum, the presence of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity was the highest at 96 h, followed by 36 and 18 h of life. In the ileum, all samples showed low presence of lysosomes with acid phosphatase activity. These results indicate that lyophilized bovine colostrum, as a heterologous source of antibodies or nutrients, is a possible alternative management tool for goats. The present work also suggests that in the first 4 days of life, enzyme activity in the intestinal epithelium of goats is still not fully stimulated, which is an important characteristic for these animals that depend on macromolecule absorption to acquire passive protection after birth. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP

Goat kids' intestinal absorptive mucosa in period of passive immunity acquisition

Colostrum intake in newborn goat kids is essential for the acquisition of immunoglobulins (Ig) and influencing development of gastrointestinal mucosa. The present study investigated small intestine structure in the postnatal goat kid fed lyophilized bovine colostrum, an alternative source of antibodies to small ruminants, or goat colostrum using scanning electron microscopy technique. At 0,7 and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) and 14 goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/mL of IgG. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 18, 36 and 96 h of life. Three animals were sampled at birth without colostrum intake (0 h). The enteric tissues were analyzed for villi density (villi/cm(2)) and morphological characteristics. The villi density did not differ between treatment, sampling time and intestinal segments (P&gt;0.05). The morphological characteristics were not different between LBC and GC in all segments. Duodenal villi were fingerlike, thick and short, and with different heights. Duodenal folds could also be verified. Frequent anastomoses in all sampling times were observed in this segment. In the jejunum, fingerlike villi, thin and thick, of different heights were observed in all sampling times as well as leaf-shaped villi. Vacuoles with colostrum were observed in the jejunum of goats sampled at 18 h of life. In ileum, fingerlike villi were observed in all sampling times. At 0 and 96 h of life, thick and low villi were verified while at 18 and 36 h the villi showed different heights and widths. At all sampling times, regularly cell extrusion processes were observed with grouped cells at the apex of the ileum villi and with isolated cells along the villi. In the first 4 days of goat kids' life the small intestine structure was unaffected by different sources of colostrum, goat or lyophilized bovine, and by the replacement of fetal enterocytes, which are able to absorb macromolecules, by adult-type ones. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.FAPESPFAPES