Model simulation studies to clarify the effect on saccadic eye movements of initial condition velocities set by the Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)

Voluntary active head rotations produced vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements (VOR) with the subject viewing a fixation target. When this target jumped, the size of the refixation saccades were a function of the ongoing initial velocity of the eye. Saccades made against the VOR were larger in magnitude. Simulation of a reciprocally innervated model eye movement provided results comparable to the experimental data. Most of the experimental effect appeared to be due to linear summation for saccades of 5 and 10 degree magnitude. For small saccades of 2.5 degrees, peripheral nonlinear interaction of state variables in the neuromuscular plant also played a role as proven by comparable behavior in the simulated model with known controller signals

The interaction of fast electrons with light atoms

A model is presented that describes the non-relativistic scattering of electrons from light atoms at energies above the single ionization threshold of the target. The simplest form of this approximation is considered, and application made to elastic collisions with hydrogen and helium atoms. This requires the numerical solution of a second order integrodifferential equation, and a technique that achieves this is discussed. Supplementing this model with a distorted wave approximation gives a description of the excitation of any target state. This is illustrated for the l (^1) S → 2 (^1) s, 2 (^3) s and 2 (^1) f transitions in helium and the 1s → 2s transition in hydrogen. Differential, integrated and total cross-sections are presented in the energy range 50-200 eV for hydrogen and50-500 eV for helium. In addition, the relative populations and phases of the magnetic sub-levels of the 2 (^1) p state of helium, following excitation from the ground state, have been computed. Finally, the use of dispersion relations as a consistency check on experimental data is demonstrated for electron neon and positron-helium scattering

Orientation of Atoms Excited by Charged Particles at High Impact Energies

A perturbation-expansion approach is used to examine the sign of the orientation vector as a function of scattering angle and projectile charge. It is shown that for small angles, the sign of the orientation vector is different for oppositely charged projectiles consistent with the prediction of the classical grazing model. At large angles, on the other hand, the orientation vector for oppositely charged projectiles is shown to have the same sign

How Reliance on the Private Enforcement of Public Regulatory Programs Undermines Food Safety in the United States: The Case of Needled Meat

Mechanically tenderized meat is a relatively small, although persistent, food-safety problem in terms of the number of individuals affected by foodborne illness. However, the regulatory history of mechanically tenderized meat is a window into a much larger issue, that of regulatory inertia and the inadequacy of existing mechanisms to counter this stasis. This regulatory inertia does not have a simple cause, nor is it amendable to a simple solution. It cannot be reduced to a problem of agency capture, or a problem with agency incompetence, and although I will propose a couple of fixes, all of them have flaws. Telling the story of the ongoing conversation of mechanically tenderized meat among the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the meat production industry, and interest groups representing the consuming public is important for at least two reasons. First, the focus on a food safety problem that is not well known to the public illustrates the commonplace nature of regulatory inertia, demonstrating that such cases are not confined to high-profile issues with elusive solutions. It is striking that this story of delay and dysfunction takes place in the context of a politically uncontroversial issue that is amenable to a simple regulatory solution and that is particularly well suited to national regulation. Although regulatory inertia is not easily fixed, the problem with mechanically tenderized beef is. Second, this story demonstrates the ineffectual nature of private enforcement. Private enforcement, in the form of agency-forcing suits, should act as a counterpoint to agency delay and dysfunction, by subjecting agency action to judicial review. We expect the judiciary to oversee the process of regulatory fermentation, and to ensure that an agency makes its decisions in a timely, appropriate manner. If an agency acts contrary to its statutory mandate, or bows excessively to political pressure, then oversight by the neutral judiciary should get it back on track. Here, however, government, industry, and advocacy groups representing the consuming public have been discussing this issue for a decade while individuals continue to get sick. Judicial review of this, of course, unavailable until a party bring suit. No parties have done so here, although regulatory inaction has persisted for over a decade

How Reliance on the Private Enforcement of Public Regulatory Programs Undermines Food Safety in the United States: The Case of Needled Meat

Mechanically tenderized meat is a relatively small, although persistent, food-safety problem in terms of the number of individuals affected by foodborne illness. However, the regulatory history of mechanically tenderized meat is a window into a much larger issue, that of regulatory inertia and the inadequacy of existing mechanisms to counter this stasis. This regulatory inertia does not have a simple cause, nor is it amendable to a simple solution. It cannot be reduced to a problem of agency capture, or a problem with agency incompetence, and although I will propose a couple of fixes, all of them have flaws. Telling the story of the ongoing conversation of mechanically tenderized meat among the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the meat production industry, and interest groups representing the consuming public is important for at least two reasons. First, the focus on a food safety problem that is not well known to the public illustrates the commonplace nature of regulatory inertia, demonstrating that such cases are not confined to high-profile issues with elusive solutions. It is striking that this story of delay and dysfunction takes place in the context of a politically uncontroversial issue that is amenable to a simple regulatory solution and that is particularly well suited to national regulation. Although regulatory inertia is not easily fixed, the problem with mechanically tenderized beef is. Second, this story demonstrates the ineffectual nature of private enforcement. Private enforcement, in the form of agency-forcing suits, should act as a counterpoint to agency delay and dysfunction, by subjecting agency action to judicial review. We expect the judiciary to oversee the process of regulatory fermentation, and to ensure that an agency makes its decisions in a timely, appropriate manner. If an agency acts contrary to its statutory mandate, or bows excessively to political pressure, then oversight by the neutral judiciary should get it back on track. Here, however, government, industry, and advocacy groups representing the consuming public have been discussing this issue for a decade while individuals continue to get sick. Judicial review of this, of course, unavailable until a party bring suit. No parties have done so here, although regulatory inaction has persisted for over a decade

How banks can self-monitor their lending to comply with the equal credit opportunity act

The authors provide a step-by-step discussion of how an individual lender in the United States can self-monitor its loan process for compliance with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and provide an empirical example for illustration. Along the way, they discuss the problems faced by individual lenders who attempt to self-monitor their lending process and conclude with a discussion of the continuing, constructive role for bank examiners and regulators in this endeavor.Regulation B: Equal Credit Opportunity

Morphine nitrate and morphine acetate

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Two dimensional pattern formation in a chemotactic system

Chemotaxis is known to be important in cell aggregation in a variety of contexts. We propose a simple partial differential equation model for a chemotactic system of two species, a population of cells and a chemoattractant to which cells respond. Linear analysis shows that there exists the possibility of spatially inhomogeneous solutions to the model equations for suitable choices of parameters. We solve the full nonlinear steady state equations numerically on a two dimensional rectangular domain. By using mode selection from the linear analysis we produce simple pattern elements such as stripes and regular spots. More complex patterns evolve from these simple solutions as parameter values or domain shape change continuously. An example bifurcation diagram is calculated using the chemotactic response of the cells as the bifurcation parameter. These numerical solutions suggest that a chemotactic mechanism can produce a rich variety of complex patterns

A Note on the Use of Debt by Venture Capital Backed Firms

Much of the current research regarding the venture capitalist examines samples of venture capital (VC) backed firms rather than the venture capitalist itself. While VC backed firms may represent the most reasonable proxy available for the study of the venture capitalist, consideration of firm-specific characteristics may need to be included to mitigate biased conclusions. Controlling for the determinants of capital structure, we examine the persistence of previously noted differences in capital structure choice and find that VC backing does not systematically alter the use of debt by firms. These results suggest that not controlling for firm specific differences when contrasting VC and non-VC backed firms may lead to inaccurate conclusions in venture capital research