Walla Walla Valley Viticultural Area

Produced by the Walla Walla Valley Wine Alliance, this map depicts the Walla Walla Valley AVA (American Viticultural Area), which crosses state boundaries. The Walla Walla Valley AVA extends from Southern Washington to Northern Oregon

The entangling and disentangling power of unitary transformations are unequal

We consider two capacity quantities associated with bipartite unitary gates: the entangling and the disentangling power. For two-qubit unitaries these two capacities are always the same. Here we prove that these capacities are different in general. We do so by constructing an explicit example of a qubit-qutrit unitary whose entangling power is maximal (2 ebits), but whose disentangling power is strictly less. A corollary is that there can be no unique ordering for unitary gates in terms of their ability to perform non-local tasks. Finally we show that in large dimensions, almost all bipartite unitaries have entangling and disentangling capacities close to the maximal possible (and thus in high dimensions the difference in these capacities is small for almost all unitaries).Comment: 6 pages, 1 airfoi

Theoretically palatable flavor combinations of astrophysical neutrinos

The flavor composition of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can reveal the physics governing their production, propagation, and interaction. The IceCube Collaboration has published the first experimental determination of the ratio of the flux in each flavor to the total. We present, as a theoretical counterpart, new results for the allowed ranges of flavor ratios at Earth for arbitrary flavor ratios in the sources. Our results will allow IceCube to more quickly identify when their data imply standard physics, a general class of new physics with arbitrary (incoherent) combinations of mass eigenstates, or new physics that goes beyond that, e.g., with terms that dominate the Hamiltonian at high energy.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures. Matches published versio

The quantum capacity with symmetric side channels

We present an upper bound for the quantum channel capacity that is both additive and convex. Our bound can be interpreted as the capacity of a channel for high-fidelity quantum communication when assisted by a family of channels that have no capacity on their own. This family of assistance channels, which we call symmetric side channels, consists of all channels mapping symmetrically to their output and environment. The bound seems to be quite tight, and for degradable quantum channels it coincides with the unassisted channel capacity. Using this symmetric side channel capacity, we find new upper bounds on the capacity of the depolarizing channel. We also briefly indicate an analogous notion for distilling entanglement using the same class of (one-way) channels, yielding one of the few entanglement measures that is monotonic under local operations with one-way classical communication (1-LOCC), but not under the more general class of local operations with classical communication (LOCC).Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

ESTIMATION OF WHEAT ACREAGE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR THE NORTHWEST

Acreage response functions for wheat are fitted to aggregate data and pooled time-series and cross-sectional data for the Northwest. It was hypothesized that the pooled data approach provides a useful alternative to using aggregate data since it requires fewer timer-series observations for reliable parameter estimation and it does not require the assumption of constant acreage response elasticities throughout the region. The results of this study verify this hypothesis as well as indicate that regional response elasticities for Northwest wheat acreage may differ greatly from national estimates.Crop Production/Industries,

Macroeconomic Adjustment and Foreign Trade of Centrally Planned Economies

This empirical study stresses the underlying macroeconomic forces which determine foreign trade flows in CPEs. The general specification includes a planners' demand equation for the volume of imports, a planners' supply equation for the volume of exports, and a rest-of-world demand equation for the export price level. The planners' behavioural equations include variables for activity levels, trade balance constraints, prices, and domestic excess demand. The import price is exogenous. This simultaneous equation model is estimated on annual data from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, for Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Hungary, and Poland. Maximum likelihood estimation in a nested hypothesis testing framework allows selection of restricted versions of the general model for each country. Estimated price elasticities accord with the underlying theory, and the excess demand variables perform well.

Ultra-long-term follow-up of pediatric spinal deformity problems: 23 patients with a mean follow-up of 51 years

AbstractBackground.The aim of this study was to analyze the true outcomes of a unique cohort of patients with spinal deformities who were treated as children and followed for 40 or more years.Methods.Altogether, 23 patients were reviewed who had been originally treated in our community, whose original charts and radiographs were still available, and who had undergone recent evaluation.Results.The diagnoses were congenital deformity in eight, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in four, poliomyelitis in three, infantile idiopathic scoliosis in two, spondylolisthesis in two, and one each of tuberculosis and dwarfism. Sixteen had undergone fusion surgery.Conclusions.Early spine fusion for deformity produced far better results than delayed fusion. A solid fusion at the end of growth remained unchanged. Degenerative changes outside the fusion area were rare and seldom required further surgery. In summary, 23 patients with a mean follow-up of 51 years after treatment are presented. Early fusion was far superior to delayed or nonsurgical treatment

Homogeneous rhodium catalysed hydrocarbonylation reactions of alkenes

The conversion of ethene, carbon monoxide and water to propanoic acid by the catalytic action of various rhodium species, was investigated by infra-red spectroscopy and autoclave batch reactions. Utilisation of a high pressure infra-red cell and a Fourier Transform infra-red spectrometry enabled study of the spectra of the catalytic systems at temperatures up to 180ºC, and at pressures of 10 -150 bar. The batch autoclave reactions enable rates, yield and selectivities to be determined with the aid of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy. Rhodium halides were used as precursors and the effects of solvents, water, iodide initiators, were studied. It was shown that polar solvents favoured hydrocarbonylation as did hydrous conditions. Ethyl iodide and hydrogen iodide were active initiators, however hydrogen iodide was observed to poison the catalyst forming [Rh(CO)(_2)I(_4)](^-) and other rhodium(III) species. At temperatures above 170ºC rhodium(I) species such as [Rh(CO)(_2)I(_2)](^-) were more prominent. A novel catalyst system was produced by employing rhodium(III) chloride, tin(II) chloride and hydrochloric acid. The nature of this system was studied in terms of solvents, the interaction of rhodium and tin, and the role of hydrogen chloride. Infrared studies revealed rhodium-tin species in the reaction media. Studies were conducted to ascertain the role of cations and additives. Further studies determined the activity of other metals as co-catalysts to rhodium, showing tin to be a superior co-catalyst