An explanation for the isotopic offset between soil and stem water in a temperate tree species

A growing number of field studies report isotopic offsets between stem water and its potential sources that prevent the unambiguous identification of plant water origin using water isotopes. We explored the causes of this isotopic offset by conducting a controlled experiment on the temperate tree species Fagus sylvatica. We measured d2H and d18O of soil and stem water from potted saplings growing on three soil substrates and subjected to two watering regimes. Regardless of substrate, soil and stem water d2H were similar only near permanent wilting point. Under moister conditions, stem water d2H was 11 ± 3 more negative than soil water d2H, coherent with field studies. Under drier conditions, stem water d2H became progressively more enriched than soil water d2H. Although stem water d18O broadly reflected that of soil water, soil stem d2H and d18O differences were correlated (r = 0.76) and increased with transpiration rates indicated by proxies. Soil stem isotopic offsets are more likely to be caused by water isotope heterogeneities within the soil pore and stem tissues, which would be masked under drier conditions as a result of evaporative enrichment, than by fractionation under root water uptake. Our results challenge our current understanding of isotopic signals in the soil plant continuum. © 2020 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist TrustThis work was supported by the French national programme EC2CO-Biohefect (RootWater), the French national research agency (projects Hydrobeech, Climbeech and Micromic within the Cluster of Excellence COTE with grant agreement ANR-10-LABX-45; project ORCA with grant agreement ANR-13-BS06-0005-01), the European Research Council (ERC) under the EU Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013, with grant agreement no. 338264, awarded to LW) and the Aquitaine Region (project Athene with grant agreement 2016-1R20301-00007218). AB also acknowledges an IdEx Bordeaux postdoctoral fellowship from the Universite de Bordeaux (contract no. 22001162)

The Nt=6N_t=6 equation of state for two flavor QCD

We improve the calculation of the equation of state for two flavor QCD by simulating on $N_t=6$ lattices at appropriate values of the couplings for the deconfinement/chiral symmetry restoration crossover. For $am_q=0.0125$ the energy density rises rapidly to approximately 1 ${\rm GeV/fm^3}$ just after the crossover($m_\pi/m_\rho\approx 0.4$ at this point). Comparing with our previous result for $N_t=4$~\cite{eos}, we find large finite $N_t$ corrections as expected from free field theory on finite lattices. We also provide formulae for extracting the speed of sound from the measured quantities.Comment: Contribution to Lattice 95 proceedings (combines talks presented by T. Blum and L. Karkkainen). LaTeX, 8 pages, uses espcrc2.sty, postscript figures include

Properties of the a1 Meson from Lattice QCD

We determine the mass and decay constant of the $a_1$ meson using Monte Carlo simulation of lattice QCD. We find $M_{a_1} = 1250 \pm 80$ MeV and $f_{a_1} = 0.30 \pm 0.03 ~({\rm GeV})^2$, in good agreement with experiment.Comment: 9 page uu-encoded compressed postscript file. version appearing in Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 459

Thermodynamics for two flavor QCD

We conclude our analysis of the N_t=6 equation of state for two flavor QCD, first described at last year's conference. We have obtained new runs at am_q=0.025 and improved runs at am_q=0.0125. The results are extrapolated to m_q=0, and we extract the speed of sound as well. We also present evidence for a restoration of the SU(2) X SU(2) chiral symmetry just above the crossover, but not of the axial U(1) chiral symmetry.Comment: Poster presented at LATTICE96(finite temperature). 4 pages, LaTeX plus 5 encapsulated Postscript figure

Kink interactions in SU(N)×Z2SU(N)\times Z_2

There are $N-1$ classes of kink solutions in $SU(N)\times Z_2$. We show how interactions between various kinks depend on the classes of individual kinks as well as on their orientations with respect to each other in the internal space. In particular, we find that the attractive or repulsive nature of the interaction depends on the trace of the product of charges of the two kinks. We calculate the interaction potential for all combinations of kinks and antikinks in $SU(5)\times Z_2$ and study their collisions. The outcome of kink-antikink collisions, as expected from previous studies, is sensitive to their initial relative velocity. We find that heavier kinks tend to break up into lighter ones, while interactions between the lightest kinks and antikinks in this model can be repulsive as well as attractive.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures. Two insignificant sign errors corrected in the revised versio

Computational brittle fracture using smooth particle hydrodynamics

We are developing statistically based, brittle-fracture models and are implementing them into hydrocodes that can be used for designing systems with components of ceramics, glass, and/or other brittle materials. Because of the advantages it has simulating fracture, we are working primarily with the smooth particle hydrodynamics code SPBM. We describe a new brittle fracture model that we have implemented into SPBM. To illustrate the code`s current capability, we have simulated a number of experiments. We discuss three of these simulations in this paper. The first experiment consists of a brittle steel sphere impacting a plate. The experimental sphere fragment patterns are compared to the calculations. The second experiment is a steel flyer plate in which the recovered steel target crack patterns are compared to the calculated crack patterns. We also briefly describe a simulation of a tungsten rod impacting a heavily confined alumina target, which has been recently reported on in detail

Aquilegia, Vol. 21 No. 2-4, April-December 1997: Newsletter of the Colorado Native Plant Society

https://epublications.regis.edu/aquilegia/1083/thumbnail.jp

Orbitally excited and hybrid mesons from the lattice

We discuss in general the construction of gauge-invariant non-local meson operators on the lattice. We use such operators to study the $P$- and $D$-wave mesons as well as hybrid mesons in quenched QCD, with quark masses near the strange quark mass. The resulting spectra are compared with experiment for the orbital excitations. For the states produced by gluonic excitations (hybrid mesons) we find evidence of mixing for non-exotic quantum numbers. We give predictions for masses of the spin-exotic hybrid mesons with $J^{PC}=1^{-+},\ 0^{+-}$, and$2^{+-}$.Comment: 31 pages, LATEX, 8 postscript figures. Reference adde

S-matrix approach to quantum gases in the unitary limit II: the three-dimensional case

A new analytic treatment of three-dimensional homogeneous Bose and Fermi gases in the unitary limit of negative infinite scattering length is presented, based on the S-matrix approach to statistical mechanics we recently developed. The unitary limit occurs at a fixed point of the renormalization group with dynamical exponent z=2 where the S-matrix equals -1. For fermions we find T_c /T_F is approximately 0.1. For bosons we present evidence that the gas does not collapse, but rather has a critical point that is a strongly interacting form of Bose-Einstein condensation. This bosonic critical point occurs at n lambda^3 approximately 1.3 where n is the density and lambda the thermal wavelength, which is lower than the ideal gas value of 2.61.Comment: 26 pages, 16 figure