2019 Kansas State University Industrial Hemp CBD Variety Trial

Hemp is a broad term used to describe the many varieties of Cannabis sativa L. that produce less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The crop is globally significant, but only recently allowed to be grown again in the United States. Varieties have been selected and are currently grown with a wide range of cannabinoid profiles. Cannabinoids are of interest for their putative medical and therapeutic role in humans and pets. Cannabidiol (CBD) and THC are the two cannabinoids of primary interest. THC is of interest because it determines whether the final product is considered hemp (0.3% THC). CBD is of interest because of its potential therapeutic properties and its legal status across many states. Currently, there is no information available regarding adaptability or cannabinoid production of these varieties in Kansas. In 2019, Kansans were allowed to apply for research licenses to grow industrial hemp. It was assumed the crop would grow well throughout Kansas since there are wild remnant populations of C. sativa flourishing at numerous locations across the state. However, controlled variety trials are necessary to determine which varieties are best adapted to Kansas. Currently, growers must rely on information generated from other states with vastly different growing conditions than Kansas. Variety selection is vital in CBD hemp production considering that environmental conditions strongly influence cannabinoid ratios and ultimately, total cannabinoid content. The objective of this study was to evaluate commercially available varieties of CBD hemp in south-central Kansas grown in containers outdoors or inside of a high tunnel. Outdoor hemp production is of interest because of reduced infrastructure cost. However, pollination is a concern with outdoor hemp. Unpollinated female flowers contain the highest concentration of cannabinoids. When flowers are pollinated and seeds are produced, the total concentration of all cannabinoids is greatly diminished. In Kansas, naturalized populations of C. sativa can be found throughout the state. With pollen easily traveling as far as 3 miles there is concern regarding the viability of outdoor CBD hemp potential. We wanted to test whether a covered high tunnel could effectively reduce pollination of the plants within

The Indigenous Voice in Majority Media. South Saami Representations in Norwegian Regional Press 1880-1990

This chapter presents a survey of how South Saami people and Saami matters are represented in Mid-Norwegian regional newspapers from around 1880 to 1990. Papers published in Steinkjer, the regional capital of Nord-Trøndelag County, constitute the bulk of the material. To what extent and how are Saami matters represented in the newspapers? How do the papers represent South Saami identity? How and why do these representations change and to what extent and how are South Saami voices represented? The predominant topics are Reindeer herding, Saami politics, Education and language, History and culture. The period of my study coincides with the culmination and, from around 1970, the gradual elimination of the Norwegian assimilation policy towards the Saami population. Social Darwinist or racial biological views are practically non-existent in my material, although quite common in late 19th and early 20th century topographical literature about the Saami. There are examples of stereotyping and othering, mostly before the 1960s, but in general, the regional newspapers of my study take a respectful interest in Saami matters, although Saami matters do not make up a substantial part of the newspaper content until the 1970s.publishedVersio

2019 Kansas State University Industrial Hemp Dual-Purpose and Fiber Trial

Hemp is a broad term used to describe the many varieties of Cannabis sativa L. that produce less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The crop is globally significant, but only recently allowed to be grown again in the United States. Varieties that have numerous industrial uses have been selected for improved fiber and grain production. However, there is no information available regarding adaptability or production of these varieties in Kansas. In 2019, Kansans were allowed to apply for research licenses to grow industrial hemp. It was assumed the crop would grow well throughout Kansas since there are wild remnant populations of C. sativa flourishing at numerous locations across the state. However, controlled variety trials are necessary to determine which varieties are best adapted to the state. Currently, farmers must rely on information generated from other states with vastly different growing conditions than Kansas. Variety selection is vital in hemp production considering latitude (day length) and length of growing season influence planting time, number of days to harvest, and ultimately yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate commercially available varieties of industrial hemp in south central Kansas

2020 K-State Industrial Hemp CBD Variety Trial

Hemp is a broad term used to describe the many varieties of Cannabis sativa L. that produce less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The crop is globally significant, but only recently was allowed to be grown once again in the United States. Varieties have been selected and are currently grown with a wide cannabinoid profile. Cannabinoids are of high interest for their putative medical and therapeutic role in humans and companion pets. Cannabidiol (CBD) and THC are the two cannabinoids of primary interest. THC is of interest because it determines whether the final product is considered hemp (0.3% THC). CBD is of interest because of its potential therapeutic properties and its legal status across many states. Currently, there is no information available regarding adaptability or cannabinoid production of these varieties in Kansas. In 2020, Kansans were allowed to apply for research licenses to grow industrial hemp for the second year. There are wild remnant populations of C. sativa flourishing at numerous locations across the state, so it was no surprise that hemp grew successfully in 2019. Controlled variety trials are necessary to determine which varieties are best adapted to Kansas and which methods produce the greatest yield. Currently, growers must rely on only one growing season’s data in Kansas or information generated from other states with vastly different growing conditions. Variety selection is vital in CBD hemp production, considering that environmental conditions strongly influence cannabinoid ratios and ultimately, total cannabinoid content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the date of potting of three commercially available varieties of CBD hemp in south-central KS grown in containers inside a high tunnel. Flowering of hemp is light sensitive. Therefore, regardless of when plants are propagated and potted, if exposed to natural photoperiod they should mature and flower at the same time. Potting plants earlier in the season should yield larger plants. However, larger plants are not always ideal given cultural requirements to support large plants and potential extended exposure to pests and diseases

Is every toric variety an M-variety?

A complex algebraic variety X defined over the real numbers is called an M-variety if the sum of its Betti numbers (for homology with closed supports and coefficients in Z/2) coincides with the corresponding sum for the real part of X. It has been known for a long time that any nonsingular complete toric variety is an M-variety. In this paper we consider whether this remains true for toric varieties that are singular or not complete, and we give a positive answer when the dimension of X is less than or equal to 3.Comment: 13 page

2020 Kansas State University Industrial Hemp Dual-Purpose and Fiber Trial

Hemp is a broad term used to describe the many varieties of Cannabis sativa L. that produce less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The crop is globally significant, but only recently was allowed to be grown again in the United States. There are many uses for industrial hemp, which include oil, seed, and fiber, and the market for industrial hemp is rapidly growing as more states are legalizing its production. The market for industrial hemp is expected to grow from $5.33 billion in 2020 to 15.26 billion (15.8%) by 2027 as it gains more popularity (Grand View Research 2021, Valuates Reports 2021). The main components driving the industrial hemp market is the demand for CBD, which provides potential health benefits and hemp fiber. Biofuel from industrial hemp is also expected to stimulate the market and demand for hemp in the future. Varieties have been selected for improved fiber and grain production that have numerous industrial uses. However, the data only exist from a single growing season (2019) regarding adaptability or production of these varieties in Kansas (Griffin et al., 2020). Hemp could be added to diversify a crop rotation and to provide new market opportunities for growers

Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation by Dual-Purpose Hemp and Concurrent Soil Profile Water Depletion at Manhattan, KS, in 2021

Hemp has garnered interest as a potential crop that is not constrained by the typical food, feed, and fuel market channels. Although hemp varieties are available for the production of either grain, fiber, or both (dual-purpose: both grain and fiber) markets, little research-based information is available on hemp growth and water use in Kansas environments. In 2019, Kansas State University researchers began conducting experi­ments to characterize hemp growth, nutrient uptake, and soil water depletion at three locations representing the precipitation gradient across Kansas. In 2021, one fiber and one grain variety were evaluated with and without fertilizer nitrogen. Soil water content and biomass accumulation were monitored in plots with full nitrogen fertil­izer. Multiple plantings of the experiment at Haysville had to be abandoned because heavy rains soon after planting prevented successful stand establishment. The Colby experiment was abandoned because dry soils prevented successful stand establishment. Results from the experiment at Manhattan confirmed the benefit of nitrogen fertilizer, which roughly doubled total biomass yield. Although total biomass yield was similar for the two varieties, more of that yield was partitioned to grain in the grain variety, and stalks in the fiber variety. Nutrient uptake patterns were similar to those observed the previous year, with nitrogen and potassium accumulation occurring at a faster rate than dry matter, and phosphorus accumulation lagging that of dry matter. Carbon accumu­lation closely followed total dry matter accumulation. Hemp appeared to extract soil water to a depth of 5 feet because soil water content did not change at deeper depths. The sum of net depletion of the soil profile water plus precipitation was 14.64 inches, but some of the precipitation came in intense events causing a portion to run off. As an indeterminate species, hemp continues vegetative growth after flowering begins, increasing the probability that some grain will be produced even when resources are limited. Across three experiments conducted in Kansas in 2020 and 2021, stalk yields have varied by a factor of 1.5, and grain yields by a factor of 13.3. Relatively stable stalk yield coupled with more variable grain yield reveals hemp’s potential ability to adjust growth to match the inconsistent growing conditions typical of Kansas

Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation by Dual-Purpose Hemp and Concurrent Soil Profile Water Depletion at Two Locations in Kansas in 2020

Some crop producers are considering hemp as an alternative to the typical crops grown in the region. Hemp is viewed as a crop to potentially access new markets. Two of those potential markets are hemp grain and fiber. Little information is available for this region about production management for hemp intended for those markets. Experiments were planted in 2020 at Manhattan, Haysville, and Colby, KS, to characterize plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil water depletion. Results illustrated typical biomass and nutrient uptake patterns. Half of the total biomass was accumulated by 2,200 growing degree days (GDD), but accumulation continued until harvest at 4,200 GDD. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) accumulated more rapidly than dry biomass, with half of their total uptake at 2,000 and 1,700 GDD, respectively. Phosphorus (P) accumulation was similar to biomass accumulation. Hemp accumulated more than 7,000 pounds of dry biomass/acre that contained roughly 170 lb nitrogen, 13 lb of phosphorus, and113 lb potassium/acre. Soil profile water was depleted by 4.3 to 6.9 inches during hemp growth with 11 to 18 inches of precipitation falling during the season. Some portion of the precipitation ran off before infiltrating the profile, and some may have drained through the rooting zone. These values represent data collected at only two sites and are only preliminary estimates. More information is needed from a wider range of growing conditions to better quantify biomass, nutrient accumulation, and soil water depletion by hemp

Structure of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII in Complex with Anti-C2 Domain Inhibitory Antibody

Factor VIII (fVIII) is a procoagulant protein that binds to activated factor IX (fIXa) on platelet surfaces to form the intrinsic tenase complex. Due to the high immunogenicity of fVIII, generation of antibody inhibitors is a common occurrence in patients during hemophilia A treatment and spontaneously occurs in acquired hemophilia A patients. Non-classical antibody inhibitors, which block fVIII activation by thrombin and formation of the tenase complex, are the most common anti-C2 domain pathogenic inhibitors in hemophilia A murine models and have been identified in patient plasmas. In this study, we report on the X-ray crystal structure of a B domain-deleted bioengineered fVIII bound to the non classical antibody inhibitor, G99. While binding to G99 does not disrupt the overall domain architecture of fVIII, the C2 domain undergoes an ~8 Å translocation that is concomitant with breaking multiple domain-domain interactions. Analysis of normalized B-factor values revealed several solvent-exposed loops in the C1 and C2 domains which experience a decrease in thermal motion in the presence of inhibitory antibodies. Our results enhance our understanding on the structural nature of binding non-classical inhibitors and provide a structural dynamics-based rationale for cooperativity between anti-C domain inhibitors